AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

6744867641	Abstract	Opposed to concrete, not quantifiable	0
6744867642	Adjective	modifies, alters, changes a noun	1
6744867643	Adverb	modifies, alters, changes a verb	2
6744867644	Aesthetic	the study or philosophy of beauty in art, literature and nature	3
6744867645	Allegory	form of a metaphor, the meaning of a person, object, or action resides outside the story, the concrete is within the story	4
6744867646	Alliteration	repetition of initial consonant sounds	5
6744867647	Allusion	an indirect reference, often to another text or a historic event	6
6744867648	Ambiguity	having more than one meaning, used in verbal, written, and nonverbal communication	7
6744867649	Anachronism	out of time, placing something in a time where it does not belong	8
6744867650	Analogy	the comparison of two things alike in some respects	9
6744867651	Analysis	to separate into parts for inspection and evaluation	10
6744867652	Anaphora	the repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses	11
6744867653	Anecdote	a short narrative detailing the particulars of an event	12
6744867654	Annotation	explanatory or critical notes added to a text	13
6744867655	Antagonist	the force against the protagonist: a person, nature, or the person's psyche	14
6744867656	Antecedent	the noun to which the pronoun refers	15
6744867657	Antimetabole	the repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast: "eat to live; live to eat"	16
6744867658	Antihero	a protagonist who is particularly graceless, inept, stupid, or dishonest	17
6744867659	Antithesis	figure of speech, using strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences or ideas	18
6744867660	Aphorism	a brief statement of general truth or wisdom: "Imitation is suicide."	19
6744867661	Apology	a written or spoken defense	20
6744867662	Appositive	a word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun	21
6744867663	Archaic Diction	the use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language	22
6744867664	Archetype	a recurrent symbol or motif in literature, art, or mythology	23
6744867665	Argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence	24
6744867666	Aristotelian (rhetorical) triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	25
6744867667	Artificial Setting	man made settings	26
6744867668	Assertion	an emphatic statement; a declaration.	27
6744867669	Assumption	a belief or statement taken for granted without proof	28
6744867670	Asyndeton	leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses	29
6744867671	Attitude	the author's or speaker's feelings toward the subject, attend to distance when discussing attitude	30
6744867672	Audience	the intended recipents for a speaker or writer's message	31
6744867673	Authority	a reliable, respected source - someone with knowledge	32
6744867674	Begging the Question	a fallacy in reasoning which omits the minor premise and goes directly to the conclusion	33
6744867675	Bias	prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	34
6744867676	Bildungsroman	a coming of age novel, the story of a person's development	35
6744867677	Canon	an accepted list of literary works commonly taught in schools and universities	36
6744867678	Carpe Diem	literally "Seize the day," a philosophy of living for the day and not thinking of tomorrow	37
6744867679	Catharsis	a moral and spiritual cleansing you receive when watching a protagonist overcome great odds to survive	38
6744867680	Character	a person described as an individual with reference to characterization	39
6744867681	Characterization	the creation and development of an imaginary person who seems life‐like	40
6744867682	Chronological	in the order of time	41
6744867683	Claim	an assertion, usually supported by evidence	42
6744867684	Clause	any combination of subject and verb which makes a complete sentence, Independent/dependent	43
6744867685	Colloquial	informal conversation, it differs in grammar, vocabulary, syntax, imagery, or connotation--can also vary based on location	44
6744867686	Common Ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions	45
6744867687	Conceit	a type of metaphor that is strikingly odd and thoughtful. Ex: Love compared to a motorcycle	46
6744867688	Concession	a reluctant acknowledgment or yielding	47
6744867689	Concrete	opposite of abstract, tangible, quantifiable	48
6744867690	Concrete Detail	details used in a persuasive paper which attempt to convince the reader: proof or evidence	49
6744867691	Confidant (male)/ Confidante (female)	A person who partakes little in the action, is very close to the protagonist, and hears all of the intimate secrets of the protagonist	50
6744867692	Conflict	A disagreement or challenge--usually presented to the protagonist of a story	51
6744867693	Connotation	that which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning	52
6744867694	Context	words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning	53
6744867695	Controlling Image	an image or metaphor which runs throughout the work	54
6744867696	Coordination	grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but	55
6744867697	Counterargument	a challenge to a position; an opposing argument	56
6744867698	Credible	worthy of belief; trustworthy	57
6744867699	Crisis	The point of the highest clash	58
6744867700	Criticism	analysis, study, and evaluation of individual works of literature	59
6744867701	Cumulative Sentence	an independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail	60
6744867702	Declarative Sentence	a sentence that makes a statement	61
6744867703	Deductive	reasoning from the general of the specific	62
6744867704	Denotation	the literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition	63
6744867705	Descriptive Detail	Details in an essay which use sensory description (the five senses) therefore you analyze these descriptions by each sense.	64
6744867706	Detail	specifically described items placed in a work for effect and meaning	65
6744867707	Deus Ex Machina	literally "God in the machine," this is a Greek idea from when the gods would come on stage to rescue the hero, now it applies to anytime the hero is saved by a miraculous or improbable event	66
6744867708	Devices	speech, syntax, diction. These stylistic elements collectively produce and effect	67
6744867709	Diction	word choice	68
6744867710	Didactic	a "teaching" type of tone, usually lesson‐like or boring in nature	69
6744867711	Digression	insertion of material not closely related to the work or subject	70
6744867712	Dilemma	2 choices - both bad, or 2 choices either one producing a bad outcome	71
6744867713	Doppelganger	literally "double goer," a mysterious twin or double fighting against your good work	72
6744867714	Dystopia	"bad place" An imaginary world which was constructed to be perfect yet failed. Present tendencies are carried out to their intensely unpleasant end.	73
6744867715	Elegiac	mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone	74
6744867716	Ellipsis/Ellipse	the omission of one or more words	75
6744867717	Epigram	a brief witty statement	76
6744867718	Epiphany	a sudden understanding or realization which prior to this was thought of or understood	77
6744867719	Ethos	the character of the writer reflected in the speech or writings	78
6744867720	Euphemism	a device where being indirect replaces directness to avoid unpleasantness	79
6744867721	Explication of text	explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all of its constituent parts, including the literary devices used; also close reading	80
6744867722	Expository	a mode of writing which is used to explain something	81
6744867723	Fantasy	a genre--usually the breaking away from reality	82
6744867724	Figurative language	the use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect	83
6744867725	Figure of Speech	uses of language which depart from customary construction. Metaphors, similes, personfication, hyperboles, etc.	84
6744867726	Fragment	a word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence	85
6744867727	Generic Conventions	from "genre" or type, each type of writing editorial, biography, narrative, persuasive, etc.; uses particular conventions. The persuasive mode of writing uses the technique of syllogism to prove a point	86
6744867728	Genre	A particular type or category of writing; tragedy, comedy, epic, short story, historical fiction, didactic, etc.	87
6744867729	Hamartia	from Greek and translated in the New Testament as "sin" literally it means an error, mistake, frailty, or misstep. This will cause the protagonist's downfall	88
6744867730	Hyperbole	to overstate an issue, exaggeration	89
6744867731	Imagery	literally, the collection of images within a work. Specifically, descriptive details which use figures of speech to explain a concept, person, or thing.	90
6744867732	Imperative sentence	a sentence that requests or commands	91
6744867733	In Medias Res	meaning "in the midst of things," this is starting a story in the middle of the action -- the first part will be revealed later.	92
6744867734	Independent Clause	a sentence which stands alone	93
6744867735	Dependent clause	a sentence which needs to be joined with another sentence in order to make sense	94
6744867736	Inductive	reasoning from the specific to the general	95
6744867737	Inference	to conclude by reason an idea, attitude, tone which is not directly stated by the author	96
6744867738	Invective	a violent verbal attack	97
6744867739	Inversion	a sentence in which the verb precedes the subject	98
6744867740	Irony	a recognition of reality different from the appearance.	99
6744867741	Irony (verbal)	the actual intent is the opposite of what is said, something like sarcasm but not as harsh.	100
6744867742	Juxtaposition	placement of two things side by side for emphasis	101
6744867743	Kitsch	"gaudy trash"-- shallow flashy art designed to have a mass appeal	102
6744867744	Language	the style of the sentence and vocabulary used in conversation and written communication. Slang, formal, parental, didactic, common, etc.	103
6744867745	Linking Verb	a being verb (is, are, was, were, have been, had been, has been, will have been) which joins a subject to a predicate nominative or predicate adjective.	104
6744867746	Logos	a Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	105
6744867747	Mechanics	any form of sentence regulation which aides in interpretation; period, comma, hyphen, question mark, italics, capitalization, etc.	106
6744867748	Metaphor	saying one thing in terms of something else	107
6744867749	Metonomy	figure of speech. The substitution of the name of an object with a word closely associated with it. Ex. The White House for the presidency, the crown for the royal family or the queen.	108
6744867750	Microcosm	"small world" representing an entire idea through a small situation or conflict	109
6744867751	Modifier	a word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause	110
6744867752	Motif	a simple device that serves as a basis for an expanded narrative, it is a recurring feature in the work	111
6744867753	Narrative Devices	the ordering of events, withholding information until a climactic moment, and all tools the storyteller uses to progress the story line	112
6744867754	Narrative Technique	The "style" of the story, concentrate on the writer's order of events and details	113
6744867755	Natural Setting	a setting that is produced through nature including weather and light/darkness	114
6744867756	Nominalizaton	turning a verb or adjective into a noun	115
6744867757	Noun	any name of a person, place, thing, or idea	116
6744867758	Objective	a tone of fairness and even discussion of a subject, it usually suggests that there is distance between the author and the subject being discussed. Be careful, this tone can also be cold and impersonal.	117
6744867759	Occasion	an aspect of context; the clause or reason for writing	118
6744867760	Omniscient narrator	an all knowing, usually third‐person narrator	119
6744867761	Oxymoron	a self‐contradictory combination or words.	120
6744867762	Paradox	a statement that seems to be contradictory or absurd, however it is found to be true	121
6744867763	Parallelism	the coordination of sentence syntax, word order, and ideas. It is used for effect and emphasis	122
6744867764	Parody	a writing which imitates another serious piece and pokes fun at the original.	123
6744867765	Pathos	a Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals	124
6744867766	Pedantic	bookish and scholarly in tone, often boring and dull due to little interest on the part of the listener	125
6744867767	Periodic Sentence	a sentence not grammatically complete until the end. It has the dependent clause at the beginning and ends with the independent clause	126
6744867768	Persona	the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing	127
6744867769	Personification	human‐like qualities are given to inanimate objects	128
6744867770	Persuasive Devices	devices used in the writing mode of persuasion; strong connotations, order of intensity from lesser to greater, the logic of the argument	129
6744867771	Plagiarism	literary theft -- using someone's ideas and style and passing the off as your own.	130
6744867772	Plot	the framework upon which a story is placed; chronological, flashback, in medias res, or others. Once the story is finished a definite beginning, middle, and end can be found.	131
6744867773	Point of View	point from which an author presents a story. It can be close, distant, within a character, or others.	132
6744867774	Polemic	an argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion	133
6744867775	Polysyndeton	the deliberate use of a series of conjunctions	134
6744867776	Predicate	the part of the sentence beginning with the verb or the first verb in a verb phrase	135
6744867777	Predicate Adjective	an adjective in the predicate which modifies the subject of the sentence, the predicate adjective must follow a linking verb, and "tall" is an adjective modifying the subject "She".	136
6744867778	Predicate Nominative	a noun in the predicate which renames the subject, It must follow a linking verb. Ex. He is President. "President" renames the subject.	137
6744867779	Premise; major, minor	two parts of a syllogism: the concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise. Major premise: All mammals are warm‐blooded. Minor premise: All horses are mammals. Conclusion: All horses are warm‐blooded.	138
6744867780	Pronoun	a word which takes the place of a noun to prevent repetition or to act as the subject of a clause.	139
6744867781	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information	140
6744867782	Protagonist	the main character of a work who has some type of contest; mental, spiritual, physical, natural; to complete	141
6744867783	Purpose	speaker's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing	142
6744867784	Realism	being as close to reality as possible. Realistic works depict the reality of the harsh world and the effect upon the luckless protagonist.	143
6744867785	Refute	to discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument	144
6744867786	Repetition	word, sound, phrase, idea; used for emphasis. An excellent technique in persuasive speeches. Always pay attention to repetition in writing. The author is trying to tell you something.	145
6744867787	Resource of Language	an author's use of diction, syntax, sentence structure, and figures of speech to produce an effect	146
6744867788	Rhetoric	the art of persuasion and employing the devices to persuade. Persuasion extends to the construction of a work so that you believe it to be true even though it is fiction.	147
6744867789	Rhetorical Question	a question used by the speaker or writer to achieve an awareness in the listener or reader. No reply to the question is expected.	148
6744867790	Rhetorical Shift	changing from one tone, attitude, or distance to another, Look for little words like but, however, even though, although, yet, etc..	149
6744867791	Rhetorical Structure	to analyze, study, and evaluate this, you must examine\nimages, details and arguments.	150
6744867792	Sarcasm	a bitter expression of disapproval, sometimes intended to be harsh and hurtful, levels of intensity exist	151
6744867793	Satire	a way or writing or speaking which censures things, activities, persons, or ideas; it is accomplished with humor and wit.	152
6744867794	Scheme	a pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	153
6744867795	Sentence Structure	analyzing sentence structure asks that you look at sentence length; simple, compound, complex; unusual phrases, repetition, altered word order.	154
6744867796	Simile	a comparison of two things using "like" or "as"	155
6744867797	Simple Sentence	a sentence containing subject and verb with little else in the subject or predicate	156
6744867798	Spatial	the distance between characters, ideas, and things within the story. Careful, a character can be close physically to a person, but emotionally distant.	157
6744867799	Stylistic Devices	when analyzing stylistic devices the reader must find the best combination of the elements of language to discuss: tone, syntax, attitude, figures of speech, repetition, in tone especially connotations	158
6744867800	Subjective	expressing in a personal manner your convictions, beliefs, and ideas; when this subjective response occurs it is likely to be emotional.	159
6744867801	Subordinate clause	created by a subordination conjunction, a clause that modifies an\nindependent clause	160
6744867802	Subplot	a secondary story within a story,	161
6744867803	Syllogism	a formula for presenting a logical argument. Ex. Assertion, Proof, Commentary or Major Premise, Minor Premise, Conclusion	162
6744867804	Symbol	a thing that in and of itself it stands for something else. All symbols have vehicle and tenor.	163
6744867805	Synopsis	a summary of the main points of a story or essay	164
6744867806	Syntax	the physical arrangement of words in a sentence.	165
6744867807	Synthesis	the joining of two or more ideas, arguments, abstracts to create a new idea, argument, or product	166
6744867808	Tenor and Vehicle	terms used when referring to a symbol: vehicle is the physical thing or person; the tenor is the abstraction.	167
6744867809	Theme	the central idea of a story or essay.	168
6744867810	Thesis	the attitude or position taken by the speaker or writer.	169
6744867811	Topic Sentence	a sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	170
6744867812	Transcendental	reliance upon conscience and intuition, a form of idealism, romanticism	171
6744867813	Transition	a body or phrase that links different ideas	172
6744867814	Trope	artful diction; the use of language in a non-literal way; also called a figure of speech	173
6744867815	Understatement	an actual statement which false under the magnitude of the actual event.	174
6744867816	Utopia	a perfect world	175
6744867817	Verb	the word in the sentence which gives action or being to the subject.	176
6744867818	Wit	intellectual humor	177
6744867819	Zeugma	a construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs - often in different, sometimes incongruent ways - two or more words in a sentence	178
6744867820	Cliche	an expression, idea, or element of an artistic work which has been overused to the point of losing its original meaning or effect	179
6744867821	Complex Sentence	a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.	180
6744867822	Dialect:	a term that applies to particular speech patterns, or it's characteristic to a particular group of the language speakers.	181
6744867823	Synecdoche:	a figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole or the whole for a part, the special for the general or the general for the special	182
6744867824	Idiom:	an expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent elements	183
6744867825	Jargon:	terminology which is especially defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, group, or event	184
6744867826	Litotes:	understatement, for intensification, by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed	185
6744867827	Mood:	the atmosphere created by the setting, and actions of people and characters in it. It also relates to how the reader emotionally responds to the text	186
6744867828	Tone:	literary technique which encompasses the attitudes toward the subject and toward the audience implied in a literary work	187