Immune System - AP Biology Flashcards

8788032379	Innate Immunity	General, non-specific protection to the body, including the skin (barrier), gastric acid, phagocytes, and lysozyme.	0
8788032427	First Line of Defense	Nonspecific barrier to keep out pathogens includes skin, mucous membranes, and normal microbiota	1
8788032380	Second Line of Defense	Nonspecific defense and inflammatory response initiated by chemical signals to attack and isolate invading pathogens; includes response by phagocytes	2
8788032381	Inflammatory Response	Vasodilation, phagocytosis, and increase in body temperature	3
8788032382	Histamines	chemical signals that trigger vasodilation, increasing blood supply to area	4
8788032383	Phagocytes	White blood cells that engulf invading pathogens e.g., neutrophils, macrophages	5
8788032384	Chemokines	chemical signals secreted by blood vessel cells that attract more white blood cells (phagocytes) to the area	6
8788032386	Adaptive (Acquired) immunity	Specific immunity; B and T cells; humoral and cell-mediated response	7
8788032387	Lymphocytes	T cells, B cells, and NK cells	8
8788032392	Macrophages	APC that engulfs large numbers of pathogens; presents antigen to activate T cells	9
8788032395	MHC I	molecules found on every body cell that presents antigen; signals cytotoxic T to destroy	10
8788032396	MHC II	molecules found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells; signal helper T cells	11
8788032397	Memory Cells	Responsible for lifelong immunity; B and T cells that are able to more quickly fight secondary infection	12
8788032398	Antibody	Y-shaped protein with variable antigen binding region; slows pathogens to facilitate destruction	13
8788032399	Antigen	any molecule that elicits an immune response; the body sees as foreign	14
8788032400	Passive Immunity	Temporary immunity where antibodies are transferred from another animal ex: mother transfers some of her antibodies to her nursing child	15
8788032401	HIV	A retrovirus that attacks helper T cells	16
8788032402	Autoimmune disease	failure of immune tolerance; the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself	17
8788032403	Allergy	Hypersensitive immune response to certain substances that causes that release of histamine	18
8788032410	B Cells	Cells involved in humoral response; produce antibodies; activated by Th cells or free antigens	19
8788032391	Cytotoxic T Cells	Cells involved in cell-mediated response; specifically kills body cells that have been infected with pathogens and cancer cells; stimulated by APCs (antigen presenting cells) and helper T-cells; also known as CD8+ T cells	20
8788032412	Helper T Cells	Set off an alarm to the immune system that pathogens have broken through the body's line of defense; binds to class II MHC; also known as CD4+ T cells	21
8788032428	Effector Cell	Short-lived lymphocyte such as a B cell or cytotoxic T lymphocyte that can take immediate action against an antigen.	22
8788032429	Natural Killer Cells	A type of white blood cell that can non-specifically kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.	23
8788032430	Mast Cells	Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation.	24
8788032431	Humoral Response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.	25
8788032432	Cell-mediated Response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells and cancer cells.	26
8788032433	Neutrophils	The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their lifespan to a few days. (aka: Pus)	27
8791177766	epitope	region of an antigen to which an antibody binds; also called antigenic determinant	28
8791194667	immunoglobulin (Ig)	class of proteins that function as antibodies	29
8791201389	IgM	antibody produced during initial immune response; pentamer	30
8791223263	IgG	main antibody produced in secondary response; most abundant antibody in the blood; only antibody to cross placenta	31
8791235460	IgA	present in secretions such as tears, saliva, mucus, and breast milk; confers passive immunity to infants through breast milk; dimer	32
8791545205	IgE	antibody involved in allergy and response to helminth (worm) infections	33
8791557301	IgD	B cell receptor (antibody on surface of naive B cells)	34
8791595477	opsonization	coating something with antibody to make it more like to be phagocytosed	35
8791708854	neutralization	blocks binding of a pathogen to a host cell	36
8791697834	inactivation of antigens by antibodies	1. neutralization 2. opsonization 3. agglutination 4. precipitation 5. activation of complement (MAC)	37
8791715252	pathogen	an organism that causes a disease or illness	38
8791726546	membrane attack complex	a mechanism triggered by the complement system whereby holes are formed in the surface of a foreign cell and the contents of the cell leak out -- thereby killing the cell	39
8791823818	clonal selection	process by which an antigen only activates lymphocytes with receptors that specifically bind it -- these lymphocytes proliferate into clones that respond to that specific antigen; accounts for specificity and memory of acquired immune response	40
8816191128	cardinal signs of inflammation	1. redness 2. heat 3. swelling 4. pain (sometimes loss of function)	41
8884711564	white blood cells	neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, basophils	42
8935574554	primary immune response	response after first exposure to a particular pathogen	43
8935583297	secondary immune response	response after the second exposure to a particular pathogen; faster than primary due to memory cells	44