AP Bio - Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

6051519179	Mitosis	Cell division that produces normal cells, produces two identical daughter cells.	0
6051519180	Meiosis	Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms, produces four identical daughter cells.	1
6051519181	Centrioles	In animal cells, a pair of centrioles organize microtubules into spindle fibers. These guide chromosomes in mitosis.	2
6051519183	Interphase	90% of the cell cycle. The cell does its "everyday job": RNA is produced, proteins are synthesized. The cell is preparing for duplication -- it is ready whenever it is triggered.	3
6051519184	G1 Phase	Initiated by a signal to divide. 1st growth period of the cell. Cell does its "everyday job." Cell grows, preparing for division.	4
6051519185	S Phase	DNA Synthesis. The cell copies chromosomes.	5
6051519186	Chromatin	The DNA-Protein complex formed when DNA molecules wrap around histone proteins.	6
6051519187	Chromosomes	A doubled rod of condensed chromatin; contains DNA that carries genetic information.	7
6051519189	Centromeres	Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached.	8
6051519190	Sister Chromatids	Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis.	9
6051519191	Homologous Chromosomes	Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis. Code for the same gene, but may have different alleles.	10
6051519192	G2 Phase	The cell prepares for division. Cell grows even more. Produces more organelles, proteins, and membranes.	11
6051519193	Prophase	Chromatin condenses. Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell. Protein fibers cross cell to form mitotic spindle. Nuclear membrane breaks down.	12
6051519194	Prometaphase	Transition to metaphase. Spindle fibers attach to centromeres. Microtubules attach at kinetochores. Chromosomes begin moving.	13
6051519195	Kinetochores	Attachments between the microtubules and sister chromatids.	14
6051519196	spindle	fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis	15
6051519197	Metaphase	Chromosomes align along middle of cell, ensuring chromosomes separate properly.	16
6051519198	Metaphase Plate	Plane midway between the two poles of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.	17
6051519199	Anaphase	Sister chromatids separate at kinetochores. Poles move farther apart.	18
6051519201	Telophase	Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles. Spindle fibers disperse. Cytokinesis begins.	19
6051519204	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	20
6051519207	Cancer	A collection of related diseases in which cells divide uncontrollably	21
6051519208	G1 checkpoint	At the end of G1 phase, if cell is not ready to divide it may arrest here (G0 phase - nerve and muscle cells remain here, rarely divide after maturing) and never proceed or wait until it is ready.	22
6051519209	S checkpoint	DNA damage checkpoint: DNA recplication halted if genome is damage	23
6051519210	cyclin	one of a family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells	24
6051519211	gamete	A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	25
6051519212	zygote	A fertilized egg	26
6051519213	binary fission	A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size	27
6051519214	budding	Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism	28
6051519216	chiasmata	The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.	29
6051519217	crossing over	Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.	30
6051526702	Metastasis	The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site	31
6051528595	density-dependent inhibition	crowded cells stop dividing	32
6051532933	anchorage dependence	The requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface.	33
6051548046	tumor-suppressor genes	a gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer	34
6051549261	Proto-oncogenes	Genes that stimulate mitosis	35
10487457750	Lytic Cycle	A type of viral (phage) replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell.	36
10487459056	Lysogenic Cycle	A phage replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host.	37
10487462187	Oogenesis	the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum	38
10487463104	Spermatogenesis	the production of sperm cells	39
10487464691	Polar Body	a small cell containing little cytoplasm that is produced along with the oocyte and later discarded	40