APES- Chapter 4 Flashcards
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4837537880 | Troposphere | A layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of Earth, extending up to approximately 16 km. | 0 | |
4837552221 | Stratosphere | The layer above the troposphere, extending roughly 16-50 km above the surface of the earth. | 1 | |
4837554368 | Albedo | The percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface. | 2 | |
4837559740 | Saturation point | The maximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature. | 3 | |
4837584212 | Adiabatic cooling | The cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands. | 4 | |
4837614140 | Adiabatic heating | The heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of earth and decreases in volume. | 5 | |
4837616589 | Latent heat release | The release of energy when water in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water. | 6 | |
4837656518 | Atmospheric convection current | Global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of earth. | 7 | |
4837659324 | Hadley cell | A convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30 N and 30 S. | 8 | |
4837790077 | Intertropical Convergence zone (ITCZ) | The latitude that receives the most intense sunlight, which cause the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells to converge. | 9 | |
4837807258 | Polar cell | A convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60 N and 60 S and sinks at the poles, 90 N and 90 S. | 10 | |
4837818347 | Ferrell cell | A convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells. | 11 | |
4837823831 | Coriolis effect | The deflection of an object's path due to the rotation of earth. | 12 | |
4837849924 | Rain shadow | A region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side. | 13 | |
4837852784 | Gyre | A large scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. | 14 | |
4837855243 | Upwelling | The upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of divergent currents. | 15 | |
4837857485 | Thermohaline circulation | An oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water. | 16 | |
4837860317 | El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) | A reversal of wind and water current in the South Pacific. | 17 | |
4837862165 | Terrestrial Biome | A geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms on land. | 18 | |
4837865681 | Aquatic biome | An aquatic region characterized by a particular combination of salinity, depth, and water flow. | 19 | |
4837870935 | Tundra | A cold and treeless biome with low-growing vegetation. | 20 | |
4837871966 | Permafrost | An impermeable, permanently frozen layer of soil. | 21 | |
4837873255 | Boreal forest | A forest biome made up primarily of coniferous evergreen trees that can tolerate cold winters and short growing seasons. | 22 | |
4837878659 | Temperate rainforest | A coastal biome typified by moderate temperatures and high precipitation. | 23 | |
4837889555 | Temperate seasonal forest | A biome with warm summers and cold winters with over 1 meter of precipitation annually. | 24 | |
4837891473 | Woodland/shrubland | A biome characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. | 25 | |
4837899958 | Temperate grassland/cold desert | A biome characterized by cold, harsh winters, and hot, dry summers. | 26 | |
4837901232 | Tropical rainforest | A warm and wet biome found between 20 N and 20 S of the equator, with little seasonal temperature variation and high precipitation. | 27 | |
4837951028 | Tropical seasonal forest/savanna | A biome marked by warm temperature and distinct wet and dry seasons. | 28 | |
4837952536 | Subtropical desert | A biome prevailing at approximately 30 N and 30 S, with hot temperatures, extremely dry conditions, and sparce vegetation. | 29 | |
4837955747 | Littoral zone | The shallow zone of soil and water in lakes and ponds where most algae and emergent plants grow. | 30 | |
4837958303 | Limnetic zone | A zone of open water in lakes and ponds. | 31 | |
4837959581 | Phytoplankton | Floating algae. | 32 | |
4837960631 | Profundal zone | A region of water where sunlight does not reach, below the limnetic zone in very deep lakes. | 33 | |
4837962320 | Benthic zone | The muddy bottom of a lake, pond, or ocean. | 34 | |
4837963104 | Oligotrophic | Describes a lake with a low level of productivity. | 35 | |
4837964529 | Mesotrophic | Describes a lake with a moderate level of productivity. | 36 | |
4837965358 | Eutrophic | Describes a lake with a high level of productivity. | 37 | |
4837971341 | Freshwater wetlands | An aquatic biome that is submerged or saturated by water for at least part of each year, but shallow enough to support emergent vegetation. | 38 | |
4837974394 | Salt marsh | A marsh containing nonwoody emergent vegetation, found along the coast in temperate climates. | 39 | |
4837977448 | Mangrove swamp | A swamp that occurs along tropical and subtropical coasts, and contains salt tolerant trees with roots submerged in water. | 40 | |
4837981898 | Intertidal zone | The narrow band of coastline between the levels of high tide and low tide. | 41 | |
4837982911 | Coral reef | The most diverse marine biome on Earth, found in warm, shallow water beyond he shoreline. | 42 | |
4837984856 | Coral bleaching | A phenomenon in which algae inside corals die, causing the corals to turn white. | 43 | |
4837989288 | Open season | Deep ocean water, located away from the shoreline where sunlight can no longer reach the ocean bottom. | 44 | |
4837990949 | Photic zone | The upper layer of ocean water in the ocean that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis. | 45 | |
4837992895 | Aphotic zone | The deeper layer of ocean water that lacks sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis. | 46 | |
4838001027 | Chemosynthesis | A process used by some bacteria in the ocean to generate energy with methane and hydrogen sulfide. | 47 |