Myers AP Psychology LEARNING Flashcards

5686687221	learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
5686687222	habituation	an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it	1
5686687223	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together.	2
5686687224	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	3
5686687225	behaviorism	psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.	4
5686687226	unconditioned response (UR)	the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth	5
5686687227	unconditioned stimulus (US)	a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reaction (like food)	6
5686687228	conditioned response (CR)	the learned reaction to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	7
5686687229	conditioned stimulus (CS)	an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a conditioned reaction	8
5686687230	acquisition	the "learned" behavior or response	9
5686687231	higher-order conditioning	a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS.	10
5686687232	extinction	the diminishing of a CR; when a response is no longer reinforced	11
5686687233	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR	12
5686687234	generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit responses	13
5686687235	discrimination	the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US	14
5686687236	learned helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events	15
5686687238	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher	16
5686687240	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	17
5686687241	operant chamber	Skinner box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking	18
5686687242	shaping	reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	19
5686687243	discriminative stimulus	a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)	20
5686687244	reinforcer	any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	21
5686687245	positive reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.	22
5686687246	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock.	23
5686687247	primary reinforce	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	24
5686687249	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	25
5686687250	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	26
5686687251	fixed-ratio schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	27
5686687252	variable-ratio schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	28
5686687253	fixed-interval schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	29
5686687254	variable-interval schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	30
5686687255	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	31
5686687256	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it)	32
5686687257	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it LATER	33
5686687258	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	34
5686687259	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake; INSIDE	35
5686687260	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, OUTSIDE	36
5686687262	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	37
5686687263	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath	38
5686687264	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	39
5686687265	little albert	subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear	40
5686687266	Albert Bandura	researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment	41
5686687267	John Garcia	Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.	42
5686687268	Ivan Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)	43
5686687271	B.F. Skinner	he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.	44
5686687273	John Watson	behaviorist; famous for Little Albert study in which a baby was taught to fear a white rat	45
5686687274	biofedback	a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.	46
5686687276	aversion theory	an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.	47
5687125098	neutral stimulus (NS)	environmental factor that doesn't elicit a CR until it is repeatedly paired with the US (ex/ bell in Pavlov experiment)	48
5687375558	token economy	object or point reward system used in jail, school, & at Chuck E Cheese	49