[APES] Earth systems and resources Flashcards

4918014078	Core	the innermost zone of the planet made out of nickel and iron	0
4918014079	Mantle	above the core containing magma (molten rock)	1
4918014080	Crust	the outermost layer of the planet; what we walk on	2
4918014081	Lithosphere	the brittle outermost layer of the planet (about 100km thick)	3
4918014082	Asthenosphere	the outermost part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock	4
4918014083	Mesosphere	"meso" means middle. rock in this layer flows more slowly than in the asthenosphere	5
4918014084	Outer core	liquid layer composed of nickel and iron	6
4918014085	inner core	dense solid layer made of nickel and iron	7
4918014089	what are the pros (environmental) of volcanoes?	creates new land, releases nutrients, commercially valuable products such as: pumice, metals, stones).	8
4918014090	Plate Tectonics	the theory that states that Earth's surface is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion	9
4918014091	Oceanic plates	lie primarily below the ocean; crust is dense and rich with iron	10
4918014092	Continental plates	lie beneath the land masses; made of lighter materials like silicon dioxide; this less dense material makes plates rise above oceanic when they collide.	11
4918014093	Divergent Boundaries	plates moving away from each other to create new land. This movement creates valleys, rifts, and ridges	12
4918014094	Mid ocean ridges	a deep underwater mountain range formed by diverging oceanic plates. EX: Mid-Atlantic Ridge	13
4918014095	Rift Valleys	A long, straight, deep valley produced by the separation of crustal plates. EX: Great rift valley	14
4918014096	Convergent Boundaries	plates move toward each other, often destroying land; this forms mountain ranges	15
4918014097	Subduction Zones	when the MORE dense plate is pushed underneath the LESS dense plate forming volcanoes and a trench	16
4918014098	Transform Fault	where plates slide past each other resulting in earthquakes	17
4918014099	what are the three plate movements?	Convergent, Divergent, and Transform	18
4918014100	Fault Zone	large expanses of rock where movement has occurred	19
4918014101	Epicenter	the exact point on the surface of earth directly above the location where the rock raptures	20
4918014102	Richter Scale	a measure of the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake	21
4918014103	Tsunamis	are a large series of waves caused by sudden movement in the ocean floor	22
4918014104	Rock cycle	the constant formation and destruction of rocks	23
4918014105	Igneous Rock	Rocks that form directly from magma	24
4918014106	Sedimentary Rock	form when sediment such as mud, sand, or gravels are compressed by overlaying sediments	25
4918014107	Metamorphic Rocks	form when sedimentary, igneous or other rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressure.	26
4918014108	Physical weathering	the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals	27
4918014109	Chemical weathering	the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions	28
4918014110	Erosion	the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem	29
4918014111	Deposition	the accumulation of eroded material such as sediment, rock fragments or soil	30
4918014112	Parent Material	what the soil is made from influences of soil formation (C Horizon)	31
4918014114	O Horizon	(organic layer) composed of the leaves, needles, twigs and animal bodies on the surface	32
4918014115	A Horizon	(topsoil) the zone of organic materials and minerals mixed together	33
4918014116	B Horizon	(subsoil) composed primarily of inertial material with very little organic matter	34
4918014117	C Horizon	(parent) the least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material	35
4918014122	strip mining	removing strips of soil and rock to expose ore	36
4918014123	Open pit mining	the creation of a large pit or hole in the ground that is visible from the surface	37
4918014124	Mountain top removal	removing the entire mountain top with explosives	38
4918014125	Placer mining	looking for metals and stones in river sediments	39
4918020078	Texture	Determined by the percent of sand, silt and clay in the soil	40
4918023461	Fossil Fuels	Deposits of organic molecules that are eventually transformed into deposits of oil, gas, or coal	41