Immune System - AP Biology Flashcards

9603847830	Innate Immunity	General, non-specific protection to the body, including the skin (barrier), gastric acid, phagocytes, and lysozyme.	0
9603847831	First Line of Defense	Nonspecific barrier to keep out pathogens includes skin, mucous membranes, and normal microbiota	1
9603847832	Second Line of Defense	Nonspecific defense and inflammatory response initiated by chemical signals to attack and isolate invading pathogens; includes response by phagocytes	2
9603847833	Inflammatory Response	Vasodilation, phagocytosis, and increase in body temperature	3
9603847834	Histamines	chemical signals that trigger vasodilation, increasing blood supply to area	4
9603847835	Phagocytes	White blood cells that engulf invading pathogens e.g., neutrophils, macrophages	5
9603847836	Chemokines	chemical signals secreted by blood vessel cells that attract more white blood cells (phagocytes) to the area	6
9603847837	Adaptive (Acquired) immunity	Specific immunity; B and T cells; humoral and cell-mediated response	7
9603847838	Lymphocytes	T cells, B cells, and NK cells	8
9603847839	Macrophages	APC that engulfs large numbers of pathogens; presents antigen to activate T cells	9
9603847840	MHC I	molecules found on every body cell that presents antigen; signals cytotoxic T to destroy	10
9603847841	MHC II	molecules found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells; signal helper T cells	11
9603847842	Memory Cells	Responsible for lifelong immunity; B and T cells that are able to more quickly fight secondary infection	12
9603847843	Antibody	Y-shaped protein with variable antigen binding region; slows pathogens to facilitate destruction	13
9603847844	Antigen	any molecule that elicits an immune response; the body sees as foreign	14
9603847845	Passive Immunity	Temporary immunity where antibodies are transferred from another animal ex: mother transfers some of her antibodies to her nursing child	15
9603847846	HIV	A retrovirus that attacks helper T cells	16
9603847847	Autoimmune disease	failure of immune tolerance; the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself	17
9603847848	Allergy	Hypersensitive immune response to certain substances that causes that release of histamine	18
9603847849	B Cells	Cells involved in humoral response; produce antibodies; activated by Th cells or free antigens	19
9603847850	Cytotoxic T Cells	Cells involved in cell-mediated response; kills body cells that have been infected with pathogens; stimulated by APCs (antigen presenting cells) and helper T-cells; also known as CD8+ T cells	20
9603847851	Helper T Cells	Set off an alarm to the immune system that pathogens have broken through the body's line of defense; binds to class II MHC; also known as CD4+ T cells	21
9603847852	Effector Cell	Short-lived lymphocyte such as a B cell or cytotoxic T lymphocyte that can take immediate action against an antigen.	22
9603847853	Natural Killer Cells	A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.	23
9603847854	Mast Cells	Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation.	24
9603847855	Humoral Response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.	25
9603847856	Cell-mediated Response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells and cancer cells.	26
9603847857	Neutrophils	The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their lifespan to a few days. (aka: Pus)	27
9603847858	epitope	region of an antigen to which an antibody binds; also called antigenic determinant	28
9603847859	immunoglobulin (Ig)	class of proteins that function as antibodies	29
9603847860	IgM	antibody produced during initial immune response; pentamer	30
9603847861	IgG	main antibody produced in secondary response; most abundant antibody in the blood; only antibody to cross placenta	31
9603847862	IgA	present in secretions such as tears, saliva, mucus, and breast milk; confers passive immunity to infants through breast milk; dimer	32
9603847863	IgE	antibody involved in allergy and response to helminth (worm) infections	33
9603847864	IgD	B cell receptor (antibody on surface of naive B cells)	34
9603847865	opsonization	coating something with antibody to make it more like to be phagocytosed	35
9603847866	neutralization	blocks binding of a pathogen to a host cell	36
9603847867	inactivation of antigens by antibodies	1. neutralization 2. opsonization 3. agglutination 4. precipitation 5. activation of complement (MAC)	37
9603847868	pathogen	an organism that causes a disease or illness	38
9603847869	membrane attack complex	a mechanism triggered by the complement system whereby holes are formed in the surface of a foreign cell and the contents of the cell leak out -- thereby killing the cell	39
9603847870	clonal selection	process by which an antigen only activates lymphocytes with receptors that specifically bind it -- these lymphocytes proliferate into clones that respond to that specific antigen; accounts for specificity and memory of acquired immune response	40
9603847871	cardinal signs of inflammation	1. redness 2. heat 3. swelling 4. pain (sometimes loss of function)	41
9603847872	white blood cells	neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, basophils	42
9603847873	primary immune response	response after first exposure to a particular pathogen	43
9603847874	secondary immune response	response after the second exposure to a particular pathogen; faster than primary due to memory cells	44