AP Biology Chapter 18 Flashcards
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| 8348186354 | Operator | -off/on "switch" that controls whole cluster of functionally related genes |  | 0 |
| 8348186355 | Operon | -operate + promoter + genes they control -entire stretch of DNA for enzyme production for tryptophan pathway |  | 1 |
| 8348186356 | Repressor | -protein that switches operon off |  | 2 |
| 8348186357 | Regulatory Gene (trpR) | -product of trp repressor | 3 | |
| 8348186358 | Corepressor | small molecule that cooperates w/ repressor protein to switch operon off |  | 4 |
| 8348186359 | Repressible Operon | transcription usually on but can be inhibited when specific small molecule binds allosterically to regulatory protein |  | 5 |
| 8348186360 | Inducible Operon | transcription usually off but can be stimulated when specific small molecule interacts w/ regulatory protein |  | 6 |
| 8348186361 | Inducer | specific small molecule, inactivates repressor | 7 | |
| 8348186363 | Activator | protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription (ex. CAP) |  | 8 |
| 8348186364 | Differential Gene Expression | expression of different genes by cells in the same genome |  | 9 |
| 8348186365 | Histone Acetylation | -attached to lysines in histone tails -> lysines acetylated -> positive charges neutralized -histone tails no longer bind to neighboring nucleosomes | 10 | |
| 8348186369 | Control Elements | segments of noncoding DNA that help regulate transcription by binding certain proteins | 11 | |
| 8348186370 | Enhancers | -distal control elements -may be thousands of nucleotides upstream/downstream of gene or in intron |  | 12 |
| 8348186372 | Alternative RNA Splicing | -different mRNA molecules produced from same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as introns and exons -can expand repertoire of eukaryotic genome |  | 13 |
| 8348186373 | Proteasome | giant protein complex recognize ubiquitin-tagged proteins and degradation |  | 14 |
| 8348186374 | microRNAs (miRNAs) | -small, single-stranded RNA molecules capable of binding to complementary sequences in mRNA molecules |  | 15 |
| 8348186375 | RNA interference (RNAi) | injecting double-stranded RNA molecules into cell turned off expression of gene w/ same sequence as RNA |  | 16 |
| 8348186376 | Small Interfering RNAs (siRNAs) | -similar in size and function to miRNAs -formed by much longer double-stranded RnA molecules -> many siRNAs |  | 17 |
| 8348186377 | Cell Differentiation | process by which cells become specialized in structure and function |  | 18 |
| 8348186378 | Morphogenesis | physical processes that give organism its shape |  | 19 |
| 8348186379 | Cytoplasmic Determinants | maternal substances in egg that influence course of early development |  | 20 |
| 8348186380 | Induction | changes in target cells caused by signals impinging on embryonic cell from others in vicinity, including contact w/ cell surface molecules on neighboring cells and binding of growth factors secreted by neighboring cells |  | 21 |
| 8348186381 | Determination | -events that lead to observable differentiation of cell |  | 22 |
| 8348186384 | Homoeotic Genes | control pattern formation in late embryo, larva, and adult |  | 23 |
| 8348186387 | Bicoid (two-tailed) | -mutant gene causes lack of front half of body and posterior structure at both ends -essential for setting anterior end |  | 24 |
| 8348186388 | Morphagen | gradients for substances that establish embryos axis and more | 25 | |
| 8348186389 | Oncogenes | -cancer-causing genes | 26 | |
| 8348186390 | Proto-Oncogenes | -normal versions of cellular genes -code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division | 27 | |
| 8348186391 | Tumor-Supressor Genes | -prevent uncontrolled cell growth -repair damaged DNA -control cell anchorage (absent in cancers) | 28 | |
| 8348186393 | Ras Protein | G protein that relays signal from growth factor on plasma membrane | 29 | |
| 8348186395 | p53 | tumor suppressor gene that codes for specific transcription factor protein that promotes synthesis of cell cycle | 30 | |
| 8348186396 | Mutation Effects | -result in cell cycle overstimulated -not inhibited normally | 31 |