AP Biology Evolution Flashcards
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| 9578291644 | Fossils | -darwin drew from these (the remains or traces of organisms from the past) | 0 | |
| 9578291646 | Paleontology | -study of fossils, developed by Georges Cuvier 0noted that the older the stratum the more dissimilar fossils were to current life-forms -from one layer to the next, new species appeared while others disappeared -each boundary represented a sudden catastrophic event | 1 | |
| 9578291647 | Charles Lyell | -incorporated Hutton's thinking into his proposal that the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate | 2 | |
| 9578291648 | Jean-Baptiste Lamarck | -found several lines of descent, a chronological series of older to younger fossils leading to a living species -use and disuse (giraffes' neck) | 3 | |
| 9578291649 | Wallace | -writes a paper with a similar hypothesis to Darwin based on the Malay archipelago | 4 | |
| 9578291650 | Darwin | -HMS beagle, interested in species in the galapagos (turtles, finches) | 5 | |
| 9578291651 | Artificial Selection | -modification of other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits | 6 | |
| 9578291652 | Darwin's 2 Inferenences | -All species and produce more offspring than their enviorment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce -This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations | 7 | |
| 9578291653 | Homology | -similarity resulting from common ancestry | 8 | |
| 9578291654 | Homologous Structures | -represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor | 9 | |
| 9578291655 | Vestigal Structures | -remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors | 10 | |
| 9578291656 | Convergent Evolution | -independent evolution of similar features in different lineages -ex: marsupials and sugar glider (same environment) -can occur when similar environmental pressures and natural selection exists | 11 | |
| 9578291657 | Analogous | -species share features b/c of convergent evolution, share similar function but not common ancesty | 12 | |
| 9578291666 | Analogy | -similarity due to convergent evolution | 13 | |
| 9578291679 | Genetic Variation | -differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences | 14 | |
| 9578291680 | Population | -group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed creating fertile offspring | 15 | |
| 9578291681 | Gene Pool | -all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population | 16 | |
| 9578291682 | Hardy-Weinberg Conditions | -no mutations -random mating -no natural selection -very large population size -no gene flow | 17 | |
| 9578291683 | Genetic Drift | -chance events can alter allele allele frequencies to fluctuate from one generation to another (especially in one generation to another) | 18 | |
| 9578291684 | Founder Effect | -when few individuals become isolated from a larger population this smaller group may make a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population | 19 | |
| 9578291685 | Bottleneck Effect | -a severe drop in population results in the over or under representation of certain alleles. | 20 | |
| 9578291686 | Gene Flow | -transfer of allele into or out of a population from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes | 21 | |
| 9578291687 | Effects of Genetic Drift | -Genetic Drift is significant in small populations -Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random -Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations -Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed | 22 | |
| 9578291688 | Adaptive Evolution | -NS increases the frequency of allele that provide an advantage and reproduce more | 23 | |
| 9578291689 | Relative Fitness | -contribution an individual makes to the gene pool relative to the contributions of indivdauls | 24 | |
| 9578291690 | Directional Selection | -conditions father shifting traits to one extreme |  | 25 |
| 9578291691 | Disruptive Selection | -conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range |  | 26 |
| 9578291692 | Stabilizing Selection | -reduces variation and gets rid of extreme phenotypes in the population |  | 27 |
| 9578291693 | Sexual Selection | -form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain maits | 28 | |
| 9578291694 | Sexual Dismorphism | -difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species | 29 | |
| 9578291695 | Intersexual Selection | -individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting mates | 30 | |
| 9578291696 | Neutral Variation | -differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage | 31 | |
| 9578291698 | Heterozygote Selection | -individuals who are heterozygotes at a particular locus have a greater fitness than both kinds of homozygotes | 32 | |
| 9578291699 | Frequency Dependent Selection | -fitness of a phenotype depends on how commen it is | 33 | |
| 9578291700 | Natural Selection Constraints | 1. Selection can only act on existing variation 2. Evolution is limited by historical constraints 3. Adaptations are often compromises 4. Chance, NS and the environment interact | 34 |