AP World: Chapter 22 Flashcards

9654777334	Ottoman dynasty	dynasty founded by Turkic-speaking people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century; the most powerful Islamic empire in history; lasted until the early twentieth century.	0
9654777335	Safavid dynasty	founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722.	1
9654777336	Mughal empire	established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the mid-19th century.	2
9654777337	Ottomans	Turkic-speaking people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century; established an empire in the Middle East, north Africa, and eastern Europe that lasted until after Word War I.	3
9654777338	Mehmed II	"the Conqueror"; Ottoman sultan; captured Constantinople, 1453, and destroyed the Byzantine Empire.	4
9654777339	Janissaries	conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; became an important political influence after the 15th century.	5
9654777340	vizier	head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan.	6
9654777341	Sail al-Din	eponymous founder of the Safavids, Sufi mystic; leader of the Red Heads.	7
9654777342	Red Heads	name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear.	8
9654777343	Ismâ'il	Safavid leader; conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501 and was proclaimed shah.	9
9654777344	Chaldiran	an important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of the Safavid Shi'a state.	10
9654777345	Abbas I, the Great	Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology.	11
9654777346	imams	Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors.	12
9654777347	mullahs	religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi'ism.	13
9654777348	Isfahan	Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture.	14
9654777349	Nadir Khan Afshar	emerged following fall of Safavids; proclaims himself shah, 1736.	15
9654777350	Babur	Turkic leader who founded the Mughal dynasty; died in 1530.	16
9654777351	Humayn	son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540 but returned to restore the dynasty in 1556.	17
9654777352	Akbar	son and successor of Humayn; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority.	18
9654777353	Din-i-Ilahi	religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death.	19
9654777354	Aurangzeb	son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707.	20
9654777355	Taj Mahal	mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India.	21
9654777356	Nur Jahan	wife of ruler Jahangir who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign.	22
9654777357	Mumtaz Mahal	wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal.	23
9654777358	Marattas	people of western India; challenged Mughal rule under Aurangzeb.	24
9654777359	Sikhs	Indian sect, beginning as a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim faiths; pushed to opposition to Muslim and Mughul rule.	25