AP Biology Biochemistry Review Flashcards

9771463675	Carbohydrate Examples	glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides	0
9771463729	Disaccharide		1
9771463730	Monosaccharide		2
9771463731	Polysaccharide		3
9771463676	Lipid Examples	fatty acids, fats, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides	4
9771463732	Unsaturated Fat		5
9771463733	Saturated Fat		6
9771463734	Steroid		7
9771463735	Phospholipid		8
9771463736	Nucleotide		9
9771463677	Nucleic Acid Examples	DNA, RNA, (ATP and ADP are modified nucleic acids)	10
9771463737	DNA		11
9771463738	RNA		12
9771463678	Protein Examples	amino acids, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, collagen, hemoglobin, enzymes	13
9771463739	Triglyceride		14
9771463740	Amino Acid		15
9771463741	Primary Structure of a Protein		16
9771463742	alpha helix (secondary)		17
9771463743	beta-pleated sheet (secondary)		18
9771463744	Tertiary Structure of a Protein		19
9771463745	Quaternary Structure of a Protein		20
9771463746	Disulfide Bridge		21
9771463747	Hydrogen Bonds		22
9771463679	*nucleic acid	*kind of macromolecule that stores, transfers, and expresses genetic information	23
9771463680	*nucleotide	*the monomer of a nucleic acid	24
9771463681	*a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base	*structure of a nucleotide	25
9771463682	*dehydration synthesis between nucleotides	*a kind of condensation reaction in which water is removed in order to join together nucleotides	26
9771463683	*purines	*double-ringed nitrogen base such as adenine or guanine	27
9771463684	*pyrimidine	*single-ringed nitrogen base such as cytosine, uracil, or thymine	28
9771463685	*proteins	*a macromolecule made chains of amino acids	29
9771463686	*enzymes	*proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms (reduce the activation energy required)	30
9771463687	*a carboxyl group, an amino group, a central Carbon, a Hydrogen, and an R-group	*structure of an amino acid	31
9771463688	*20	*the number of different amino acids that occur extensively in all living organisms	32
9771463689	*dehydration synthesis between amino acids	*process that bond an amino acid to another amino acids (forms peptide bond)	33
9771463690	*peptide bond	*covalent bond formed between amino acids	34
9771463691	*polypeptide chain	*a long line of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds	35
9771463692	*R-group	*stands for the rest of the compound, different for each kind of amino acid, giving the amino acid its properties	36
9771463693	four levels of a proteins structure	primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure	37
9771463694	*denatured	*a change in the shape of a protein due to chemical treatments, temperature, change of pH, or high concentrations of polar or nonpolar substances; may or may not be irreversible	38
9771463695	*hydrogen bonds in proteins	*bond that occurs between R-groups that stabilize folds in proteins	39
9771463696	*hydrophobic R-groups	*move together to the interior of a protein, away from water	40
9771463697	*triglyceride	*lipid made of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol	41
9771463698	glycerol	a carbon alcohol that is hydrophilic	42
9771463699	*functions of lipids	*long-term energy storage, insulation, part of the cell membrane, chemical messenger, waterproofing	43
9771463700	food made of saturated fatty acid	animal fats and butter; bad fats	44
9771463701	cholesterol	the most common steroid; is a component of the cell membrane as well as the precursor to all other steroids	45
9771463702	*monosaccharide	*the simplest kind of carbohydrate	46
9771463703	*simple sugar	*another name for a monosaccharide	47
9771463704	-ose	suffix carbohydrates usually end in (gluc-ose, fruct-ose)	48
9771463705	formula for sugar molecules	(CH₂O)n where n is any number from 3 to 8	49
9771463706	*1:2:1	*the ration of Carbon to Hydrogen to Oxygen in a carbohydrate	50
9771463707	*disaccharide	*two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage	51
9771463708	*dehydration synthesis between monosaccharides	*process used to combine monosaccarides into disaccharides and polysaccharides	52
9771463709	*the reason why the formula of a disaccharide of glucose is C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ and not C₁₂H₂₄O₁₂	*one water molecule is lost when the condensation reaction joins together the two monosaccharides	53
9771463710	lactose	milk sugar; disaccharide formed when glucose bonds with galactose	54
9771463711	*polysaccharide	*three or more monosaccharides	55
9771463712	organic molecules	molecules that contain carbon	56
9771463713	macromolecules	large organic molecules	57
9771463714	the reason carbon is important to life	carbon can form four strong covalent bonds with different elements; carbon is the main component of organic molecules; all organic molecules contain carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)	58
9771463715	four	number of covalent bonds carbon can form with other elements	59
9771463716	nonpolar	not soluable in water	60
9771463717	polar	soluable in water	61
9771463718	isomer	Molecules with same molecular formula but different structures (shapes)	62
9771463719	functional groups	parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions	63
9771463720	charge of the oxygen atom in a water molecule	slightly negative	64
9771463721	charge of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule	slightly positive	65
9771463722	hydrogen bond in water	weak bond formed between water molecules	66
9771463723	universal solvent	Property of water in which substances that are ionic or substances that have polar covalent bonds all dissolve in water.	67
9771463724	hydrophillic	Term for substances that dissolve in water.	68
9771463725	hydrophobic	Term for substances that do not dissolve in water.	69
9771463726	solute	A substance that dissolves into a solvent.	70
9771463727	solvent	A substance that dissolves another substance.	71