AP Evolution Flashcards

9374798241	Evolution	Change in the gene pool over time Is: -Seen in populations and generations, not individuals -The result of interactions of living organisms in living systems with other life and the environment -On going process that never ends Isn't: -A change of species into a different species -Organisms do not change, populations change -A force with a purpose	0
9374798242	Gene Pool	All the alleles for the given population	1
9374798243	Hardy-Weinberg Equation	Equation used to calculate the genetic variation of a population at equilibrium. p + q =1 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p= AA 2pq= Aa q= aa	2
9374798246	Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium	-Large Population -Random Mating -No mutation -No gene flow -No natural selection	3
9374798247	Why allele frequencies change (5 fingers of Evolution)	-Small population -Specific mating -Mutations -Gene flow -Natural selection	4
9374798248	Genetic Drift	Both the Bottleneck Effect and the Founder Effect, where a population goes from large to small	5
9374798249	Bottleneck Effect	Catastrophic event changes large population to small	6
9374798250	Founder Effect	When Individuals create a new population	7
9374798251	Gene Flow	Immigration and Emigration	8
9374798252	Mutations	Change in nucleic acids and copying, change to the DNA	9
9374798253	Natural Selection	Survival and reproduction of individuals due to their differences in phenotype, and the environment around them -like the peppered moth lab and ladybug experiment Is: -A process of editing than a creative mechanism Isn't: -A force or action, but a description of what happens -Does not involve a design or purpose	10
9374798254	Species	A group of organisms that can mate with each other and have fertile offspring	11
9374798255	Speciation	When a new species develops from a previous species -comes from reproductive isolation	12
9374798256	Reproductive Isolation	The inability of a species to breed successfully with related species 5 main types: -Habitat Isolation -Behavioral Isolation -Temporal Isolation -Mechanical Isolation -Gametic Isolation	13
9374798257	Habitat Isolation	Where an animal is geographically isolated or virtually geographically isolated	14
9374798258	Behavioral Isolation	Mating may not occur if the female is not looking for what the male is offering in looks or action	15
9374798259	Temporal Isolation	Time is not coordinated, If the days, months , or years for mating are not the same	16
9374798260	Mechanical Isolation	Where the parts just don't fit	17
9374798261	Gametic Isolation	Some molecular attractant action going on with gametes and so they don't hook up	18
9374798262	Allopatric Speciation	Speciation takes place in geographically different areas.	19
9374798263	Sympatric Speciation	Speciation takes place in the same geographic area	20
9374798264	Fitness	The reproductive success of the individuals and or the population, the more offspring produced that also survive and reproduce, the greater the fitness	21
9374798266	Artificial Selection	Humans are deliberately choosing the traits and then breeding them Ex- Wild mustard seed plant makes cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, etc.	22
9374798267	Directional Selection	Conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, Common when the environment changes	23
9374798268	Disruptive Selection	Occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range, An environment with two possible niches.	24
9374798269	Stabilizing Selection	Acts against the extremes of the phenotypic ranges, and favors the intermediate range.	25
9374798270	Sickle Cell Disease	SS= All cells are sickled- death NS= Half normal, half sickled, resistant to malaria NN= All normal, no resistance to malaria	26
9374798271	Homologous Structures	Body parts that resemble one another in different species because they have evolved from a common ancestor	27
9374798272	Analogous Structures	Body parts that have similar functions in different species but which have different genes and development in forming the parts	28
9374798273	Vestigial Structures	Structures that are greatly reduced in form and function because they are not being used	29
9374798274	Divergent Evolution and Adaptive Radiation	Species that had a common ancestor diverge from each other in that there are increasing accumulating changes different from each other over time	30
9374798275	Convergent Evolution	Describes two unrelated species that share similar traits	31
9374798276	Adaption	Any alteration in the structure or function of an organism or any of its parts that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and multiply in its environment.	32
9374798278	Phylogenetic Tree	A branching diagram that shows the evolutionary history of organisms and groups evolutionary similar species together	33