AP Government Civil Rights Flashcards

9542227964	Civil Rights	Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.	0
9542227965	14th Amendment	all persons born in the U.S. are citizens & are guaranteed equal protection of the laws; gave black Americans citizenship & legal equality; still allowed the North to prohibit black suffrage.	1
9542227966	Equal Protection clause	all citizens receive "equal protection of the laws."	2
9542227967	Dred Scott vs. Sanford	1857 supreme court case ruling that a slave that has escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territory.	3
9542227968	13th Amendment	Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70)	4
9542227969	Plessy vs. Ferguson	(1896) Supreme Court decision that created the "separate but equal" doctrine. As a result many states across the South had "Jim Crow Laws." Separate water fountains, restrooms, entrances, segregated seating at movie theatres, etc. Most importantly, segregated schools.	5
9542227970	Brown vs. Board of Education	1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	6
9542227971	Civil Rights Act of 1964	law making racial discrimination in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbid many forms of job discrimination. Public discrimination	7
9542227972	Suffrage	the legal right to vote extended to African Americans by the Fifteenth amendment, to women by the Nineteenth amendment, and to people over the age of 18 by the twenty-sixth amendment.	8
9542227973	15th amendement	African-American males received the right to vote	9
9542227974	Poll Taxes	Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African-American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Southern states to exclude African Americans from voting.	10
9542227975	White primary	the practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation. Declared unconstitutional in 1944.	11
9542227976	24th Amendment	Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll taxes to vote in national elections.	12
9542227977	Voting Rights Act of 1965	A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.	13
9542227978	Korematsu vs. US	1944- Supreme Court ruled that internment of Japanese Americans was justified as the country's need for protection against espionage outweighed individual rights	14
9542227979	19th Amendment	Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.	15
9542227980	Reed vs. Reed	1971 outlawed sexual discrimination	16
9542227981	Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990	Passed by Congress in 1990, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings.	17
9542227982	Affirmative Action	A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities	18
9542227983	Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke	A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could weigh race or ethnic background as an element of admitting, but couldn't set aside places for members of particular racial groups.	19
9542227984	civil disobedience	A non-violent public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws.	20
9542227985	de facto segregation	Racial segregation that occurs of past social and economic conditions and residential patterns.	21
9542227986	de jure segregation	Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.	22
9542227987	literacy tests	A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African-Americans from exercising their right to vote.	23
9542227988	grandfather clause	A device used by southern states to exempt whites from state taxes and literacy laws originally intended to disenfranchise African-American voters. It restricted the voting franchise to those who could prove that their grandfathers had voted before 1867.	24
9542227989	Equal Pay Act	An amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act, this act requires equal pay for men and women doing equal work.	25
9542227990	Separate but equal doctrine	the doctrine established by Plessy v Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities	26
9542227991	Obergefell v. Hodges	Court held that the due process clause of the 14th amendment guarantees the right to marry as a fundamental liberty, and that it applies to same-sex couples. Made gay marriage legal in all 50 states.	27
9542227992	Shaw v. Reno	Racial gerrymandering is unconstitutional.	28
9542227993	Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S.	Commerce Clause power allows Congress to eliminate acts of private discrimination	29
9542227994	Racial gerrymadering	the drawing of election districts so as to ensure that members of a certain race are a minority in the district.	30
9542227995	Title IX of the 1972 Education Act	Prohibited gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs	31
9542227996	Jim Crow laws	mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans	32
9542227997	Segregation	the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart.	33
9542227998	Strict scturinty test	test, used by the Supreme Court in racial discrimination cases. The government must show that the discrimination is a "narrowly tailored" solution to achieving a compelling government interest.	34
9542227999	Intermediate Scrutiny	Test used by Supreme Court for cases involving discrimination by gender. Government must show a very good reason for the discrimination.	35
9542228000	Rational Basis	Test used by the Court for cases involving most types of discrimination outside of race and gender. Government just has to show a reason.	36
9542228001	Lawrence v. Texas	Court ruled that the right to privacy forbids government from declaring sexual activities between consenting adults of the same gender.	37