AP bio test 1 Flashcards

4785220327	DNA	genetic material	0
4785220328	genes	units of inheritance; encode the information necessary to build all the molecules synthesized within a cell; determines identity and function	1
4785225116	genome	entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits	2
4785258390	matter	anything that takes up space and has mass	3
4785258391	element	substance that cannot be broken down to other substances	4
4785259800	compound	substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio	5
4785267577	O, C, H, N	What four elements make up 96% of all matter (abbreviate elements)	6
4785271124	essential (elements)	organism's needs to live a healthy life and reproduce	7
4785277096	energy	capacity to cause change	8
4785278934	radioactive isotope	nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles of energy	9
4785279988	potential energy	energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure	10
4785281967	chemical	Distribution of electrons in the atom's electron shells (valence electrons) determines ___________________ behavior of an atom	11
4785284560	H-H	What is the structural formula of Hydrogen	12
4785285660	O=O	What is the structural formula of Oxygen	13
4785286528	H-O-H	What is the structural formula of Water	14
4785291073	nonpolar covalent (because it is the same element & the electronegativity is the same so the electrons are shared equally)	What type of bond is O2	15
4785293592	electronegativity	atoms in a molecule attract shared electrons to varying degrees (depending on element); attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond	16
4785306256	nonpolar covalent (bond)	TYPE OF BOND: between two atoms of the same element; electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity	17
4785309483	polar covalent (bond)	TYPE OF BOND: an atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom; the electrons of the bond are not shared equally	18
4785312231	ionic (bond)	TYPE OF BOND: two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that the more electronegative atoms strips an electron completely away from its atom	19
4785337924	hydrogen (bond)	TYPE OF BOND: non-covalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom	20
4785340077	covalent	What is the strongest bond	21
4785342159	dynamic equillibrium	a state of balance between continuing processes.	22
4785349778	polar molecule	unequal sharing of electrons	23
4785351656	cohesion	hydrogen bonds hold the substance together (water-water)	24
4785351657	adhesion	clinging of one substance to another (water-roots of leaves)	25
4785420415	surface tension	measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid (related to cohesion)	26
4785353202	calorie	the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C	27
4785357202	heat of vaporization	quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state	28
4785362301	solvent	dissolving agent	29
4785362900	solution	liquid that is completely homogenous (mixture of two or more substances)	30
4785372817	solute	substance that is dissolved	31
4785374592	polarity	Water is such a fine solvent because of its _________________.	32
4785375357	hydrophilic	likes water; ionic; polar; can form hydrogen bonds	33
4785375966	hydrophobic	dislikes water; nonionic; nonpolar; cannot form hydrogen bonds	34
4785378752	H+ and OH-	What two ions form when water dissociates	35
4785379578	acid	substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution	36
4785379579	base	substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution	37
4785386083	4	how many bonds can carbon form	38
4785391758	hydrocarbon	organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon (Ex. butane, Butene, etc.)	39
4785402204	functional group	chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical directions	40
4785437757	hydroxyl (group)		41
4785438905	carbonyl (group)		42
4785453094	carboxyl (group)		43
4785453095	amine (group)		44
4785453796	sulfhydryl (group)		45
4785453797	phosphate (group)		46
4785453798	methyl (group)		47
4787460086	proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids	Name the 4 large molecules of all living things	48
4787463127	Carbs, proteins, nucleic acids	Name the 3 macromolecules	49
4787464267	macromolecule	made up of a very large number of atoms	50
4787465343	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds	51
4787467015	monomers	repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer; smaller molecules	52
4787468109	dehydration	Reaction that forms fatty acids	53
4787469977	hydrolysis	bond between monomers is broken by the addition of water	54
4787473129	hydrolysis	Large molecules (polymers) are converted to monomers in what type of reaction?	55
4787475503	monosaccharides	What are the monomers of all carbohydrates?	56
4787477273	carbonyl; hydroxyl	What are the 2 functional groups that all sugars have?	57
4787478900	ketone	KETONE VS ALDEHYDE: carbonyl is within the carbon skeleton	58
4787480312	aldehyde	KETONE VS ALDEHYDE: carbonyl is at the end of carbon skeleton	59
4787481141	isomers	same molecular formulas but different structure	60
4787492289	glycogen; cellulose	Name the 2 categories of polysaccharides	61
4787493495	hydrophobic	What characteristics do all lipids share	62
4787499918	glycerol; fatty acids	What are the 2 building blocks of fats?	63
4787503678	saturated (fats)	Solid at room temperature; stack together; (Ex. lard; butter)	64
4787507322	unsaturated (fats)	liquid at room temperature; double bonded; crooked; don't pack together; (Ex. plants; olive oil)	65
4787522919	energy storage	major function of fats	66
4787522920	r group	side chain; differs with each amino acid; variable group	67
4787524520	20	How many different R groups are there?	68
4787527090	peptide (bond)	TYPE OF BOND: a bond when two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other; become joined by a dehydration reaction with the removal of a water molecule	69
4787532579	primary (structure)	WHAT STRUCTURE: sequence of amino acids	70
4787533634	secondary (structure)	WHAT STRUCTURE: consists of coils and folds; alpha helices and beta pleated sheets	71
4787536580	tertiary (structure)	WHAT STRUCTURE: r groups; covalent bond; ionic bond; hydrogen bond; hydrophobic amino acids	72
4787537992	quaternary (structure)	WHAT STRUCTURE: multiple polypeptide chains	73
4787540496	denaturation	loss of a protein's native structure; becomes inactive; unraveling of a structure	74
4787560273	atom	smallest units that retain the properties of a given element	75
4787561548	protons	positively charged subatomic particles within the nucleus	76
4787563228	trace element	chemical elements representing less than 0.01% of body weight	77
4787567816	neutrons	subatomic particles within the nucleus carrying no charge	78
4787569552	electrons	subatomic particles with a negative charge	79
4787569553	isotope	atoms of a given element that differ in the number of neutrons	80
4787573567	atomic number	number of protons within an atom	81
4787573568	mass number	number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of one atom	82
4787580118	elements	fundamental forms of matter that occupy space, have mass, and cannot be broken down into something else	83
4787584229	tracer	a compound that has a radioisotope attached that is used to determine the pathway or destination of a substance	84
4787602581	mixture	two or more elements that may combine in various proportions	85
4787603635	orbitals	regions of space around an atom's nucleus where electrons are likely to be at any one instant	86
4787603636	chemical bond	union between the electron structures of atoms	87
4787603637	compounds	types of molecules composed of two or more different elements in proportions that never vary	88
4787604555	molecule	results when two or more atoms bond together	89
4787632791	equation	The expression 12H2O + 6CO2 6O2 + C6H12O6 + H2O is known as the chemical ________________ for photosynthesis	90
4787646314	formula	H2O is the ______________ for water	91
4787647559	reactants	The ______________ are to the left of the reaction arrow	92
4787647560	products	The _____________ are to the right of the reaction arrow	93
4787647561	six	In the expression, one can count six carbon atoms on the left side of the arrow, so one should be able to count _________ carbon atoms on the right side of the arrow.	94
4787647562	compound	Since water always consists of a ratio of two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom, it is called a ______________.	95
4787647563	mixture	in a _____________, the components may vary in their proportions	96
4787675141	polarity	The _____________ of water molecules allows them to hydrogen-bond with each other	97
4787675142	hydrophilic	Water molecules hydrogen-bond with polar molecules, which are ________________ substances	98
4787675143	hydrophobic	Polarity causes water to repel oil and other nonpolar substances, which are _______________.	99
4787675145	hydrogen	Liquid water changes its temperature more slowly than air because of the great amount of heat required to break the high number of ____________ bonds between water molecules	100
4787676226	ice	Below 0o C, water molecules become locked in the lattice like bonding pattern of _____________ which is less dense than water	101
4787676227	cohesion	Collective hydrogen bonding creates a high tension on surface water molecules, resulting in _____________, the property of water that explains how long, narrow water columns rise to the tops of all trees	102
4787676228	solvent	Water is an excellent ______________, in which ions and polar molecules readily dissolve	103
4787717347	10	If neon has an atomic number of 10 and an atomic mass of 20, it has _________ neutrons.	104
4787730484	buffer	a control that minimizes unsuitable pH shifts is a ____________	105
4787733126	temperature	_______________-stabilizing is a property of water that protects aquatic organisms during a long, cold winter	106
4787744945	antiparallel	two sugar phosphate backbones that run in opposite 5-3 direction	107
4787750917	glucose	Formula for _____________ is C6 H12 O6	108
4787752359	cis	when carbon is on the same level of a molecule	109
4787752675	trans	when carbon is placed diagonally in a molecule	110
4787759042	lipids	function of cell membrane; storage of energy; not truly a macromolecule because it doesn't follow a pattern	111
4787762785	simple sugars	What are the monomers of carbohydrates	112
4787764033	nothing	What are the monomers of fatty acids?	113
4787848653	polypeptides	unbranched polymers from 20 amino acids	114
4787855379	acid	ACID OR BASE: loses the H	115