AP Government: The Media Flashcards

AP Test Prep

9800951179	Muckraker	Journalist who exposed corruption and other problems of the late 1800s and early 1900s/one who spreads real or alleged scandal about another (usually for political advantage)	0
9800951180	Associated Press	The telegraph system allowed the exchange of national and international news to be shared by different newspapers, and in 1846, newspaper publishers from around the nation gathered to create an organization that would promote cooperative news gathering by wire.	1
9800951181	Yellow Journalism	Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.	2
9800951182	Equal Time Rule	an FCC rule that if a broadcaster sells time to one candidate, it must sell equal time to other candidates.	3
9800951183	Right-of-Reply Rule	A regulation by the FCC permitting a person the right to respond if attacked on a broadcast other than in a regular news program.	4
9800951184	Political Editorializing Rule	A rule of the FCC that if a broadcaster endorses a candidate, the opposing candidate has a right to reply	5
9800951185	Adversarial Press	the tendency of the national media to be suspicious of officials and eager to reveal unflattering stories about them	6
9800951186	Off/On The Record	information provided to a journalist that will not be released to the public/ information provided to a journalist that can be released and attributed by name to the source.	7
9800951187	On (deep) Background	what the official says can be used but not attributed to anybody, even an anonymous source...Information from an official that can be printed but not attributed at all.	8
9800951188	"Big Three" Networks	The original television broadcasting networks: ABC, CBS, NBC	9
9800951189	Sound Bites	short snippets of information aimed at dramatizing a story rather than explaining its substantive meaning	10
9800951190	Libel	Written untruths that are harmful to someone's reputation.	11
9800951191	Slander	words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another.	12
9800951192	Defamation	act of harming or ruining another's reputation.	13
9800951193	Prior Restraint	A government preventing material from being published. This is a common method of limiting the press in some nations, but it is usually unconstitutional in the United States, according to the First Amendment and as confirmed in the 1931 Supreme Court case of Near v. Minnesota.	14
9800951194	The Pentagon Papers	Common case dealing with prior restraints and national security involved the publications of stolen pentagon papers about military involvement in Vietnam were leaked	15
9800951195	Trial Balloon	Tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gaugin public reaction	16
9800951196	Loaded Language	words that imply a value judgement, used to persuade a reader without having made a serious argument	17
9800951197	Fairness Doctrine	an FCC requirement that broadcasters who air programs on controversial issues provide time for opposing views.	18
9800951198	Selective Attention	paying attention only to those news stories with which one already agrees	19
9800951199	Editorial Endorsement	a media source declaring support for a candidate or policy	20
9800951200	C-SPAN	The cable network that provides gavel-to-gavel coverage of congressional floor proceedings, committee hearings, and special events.	21
9800951201	Routine Stories	media stories about events that are regularly covered by reporters	22
9800951202	Feature Stories	media stories about events that, though public, are not regularly covered by reporters	23
9800951203	Insider Stories	A type of news story that involves information not usually made public which requires investigative work on the part of a reporter or a leak by some public official.	24
9800951204	News Leaks	the tactic used widely by White House officials of releasing information to the press on an anonymous basis when it serves the officials interests to have the information publicized. some of these are unauthorized and unwanted by the White House.	25
9800951205	Feeding Frenzy	Just as sharks engage in a feeding frenzy when they sense blood in the water, the media "attack" when they sense wrongdoing or scandal in government, and devote great amounts of coverage to such stories.	26
9800951206	Pack Journalism	the tendency of journalists to cover stories because other journalists are covering them and to ignore stories that other journalists arent covering	27
9800951207	New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)	Case in which the Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proven to support a finding of libel against a public figure	28
9800951208	Federal Communications Commission	an independent governmeent agency that regulates interstate and international communications by radio and television and wire and cable and satellite	29
9800951209	Telecommunications Act	effort to do away with most regulations: loosened restrictions on media ownership, allowed telephone companies, cable tv providers, and broadcasters to compete with each other for telecommunication services	30
9800951210	Shield Law	Law guaranteeing news reporters the right to protect the annonymity of their sources. States have passed this--not the federal government.	31
9800951211	"Above" or "Below The Fold" Stories	stories that are important news stories, this is where the photographs are located.	32
9800951212	Freedom of Information Act (1974)	Allows public access to nonclassified federal documents.	33