AP Biology- Gene Regulation Flashcards

6135281866	operon	consist of a promoter, an operator, and a cluster of genes that control gene regulation in a common pathway, "on and off" switches	0
6135281867	repressible operon	operon that is normally on because the repressor is inactive	1
6135281868	inducible operon	operon that is normally off because the repressor is active	2
6135281869	structural gene	genes to be expressed	3
6135281870	operator	a segment of DNA in the promoter region that acts as an on or off "switch"	4
6135281871	repressor	a protein that binds to the operator to switch the operon off	5
6135281872	inducer	inactivates the repressor (turns on the operon)	6
6135281873	regulatory gene	codes for the production of the repressor protein and is found upstream of the operon	7
6135281874	corepressor	works with the repressor to turn off the operon	8
6135281875	catabolite activator protein (CAP)	activator of transcription, binds to cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) when sugar is scarce which increases the affinity of RNA polymerase and accelerates transcription of lactose	9
6135281876	cellular differentiation	the formation of cells that are specialized in structure and function	10
6135281877	histone acetylation	the process of acetyl groups attaching to histone tails (opens up chromatin structure)	11
6135281878	DNA methylation	adding a methyl group to cytosine bases during replication, associated with inactivation of genes and reduced transcription	12
6135281879	enhancer	groups of distal control elements located upstream of downstream from a gene or within an intron	13
6135281880	activator	a specific protein that binds to an enhancer to stimulate gene transcription	14
6135281881	transcription factors	some act as repressors by blocking the binding of activators or binding to an enhancer	15
6135281882	RNA interference	the phenomenon of inhibition of gene expression by non-coding RNA molecules (a technique used to silence the expression of selected genes)	16
6135281883	RNA polymerase	an enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription	17
6135281884	miRNA	a.k.a. microRNA, associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence	18
6135281885	siRNA	a.k.a. small interfering RNA, associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence	19
6135281886	cytoplasmic determinants	a maternal substance that when placed into an egg influences the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells	20
6135281887	induction	the process in which one group of embryonic cells influences the development of another, usually by causing changes in gene epression	21
6135281888	morphogenesis	the cellular and tissue based processes by which an animal body takes shape	22
6135281889	proto-oncogene	a normal cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene	23
6135281890	ras gene	a gene that codes for Ras (a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases) ultimately resulting in stimulation of the cell cycle	24
6135281891	tumor suppressor gene	a gene whose protein product inhibits cell division thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer	25
6135281892	p53 gene	a tumor suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of proteins that inhibit the cell cycle	26
6135281893	negative feedback	inhibits expression	27
6135281894	positive feedback	activates expression	28
6135281895	feedback inhibition	concentration of substances present in cell either inhibit or activate expression	29
6135281896	catabolic	lac operon	30
6135281897	anabolic	trp operon	31
6135281898	heterochromatin	harder transcription initiation	32
6135281899	epigenetics	the field of science that studies heritable changes caused by the activation and deactivation of genes without any change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism	33
6135281900	epigenome	the chemical compounds that modify or mark the DNA and change the way genes are expressed	34
6135281901	alternative DNA splicing	produces different mRNA molecules when different segments of the mRNA are chosen as introns or exons	35
6135281902	chromatin modification	promotes the formation of heterochromatin in certain regions blocking transcription	36
6135281903	cell division	the production of large numbers of cells	37
6135281904	determination	the condition in which a cell is irreversibly committed to its fate, even if it has not developed its final structure	38
6135281905	pattern formation	the development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs into their locations under the control of body plan genes	39
6135281906	positional information	molecular cues provided by cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals	40
6135281907	HOX genes (homeotic genes)	primary genes responsible for head to toe formation	41
6135281908	oncogenes	cancer causing cells	42
6135281909	amplification	increasing the number of copies of the gene	43
6135281910	tumor viruses	viruses that insert their DNA into the host DNA near a proto-oncogene	44
6135281911	ectoderm	skin/nervous system	45
6135281912	mesoderm	muscles	46
6135281913	endoderm	digestive system	47