AP Bio Flashcards

4781032193	Emergent Properties	frog, ant colony, desert ecosystem	0
4781091917	Molecules	A chemical structure consisting of 2 or more units called atoms.	1
4781108935	DNA	genetic material	2
4781194846	Matter	anything that takes up space and has mass	3
4781205090	Element	substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions	4
4781205091	Compound	substance consisting of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio	5
4781213141	make up 96% of all living matter	Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen	6
4781216793	Essential elements	organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce	7
4781218436	Trace elements	required by an organism in only minute quantities	8
4781224631	Atomic Number	Number of protons	9
4781225738	Atomic Mass	Sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom	10
4781231214	Isotope	different atomic forms of the same element	11
4781234550	energy	capacity to cause change	12
4781238013	radioactive isotope	nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles of energy	13
4781252375	potential energy	energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure	14
4781265963	What determines the chemical behavior of an atom	distribution of electrons in the atom's electron shells which are called valence electrons	15
4781284438	Structural formula of Hydrogen	H-H	16
4781285974	Structural formula of Oxygen	O=O	17
4781288282	Structural formula of Water	H-O-H	18
4781291338	What type of bond is in O2	non polar covalent bond because it is the same element and the electronegativity is the same so the electrons are shared equally	19
4781307514	Electronegativity	Atoms in a molecule attract shared electrons to varying degrees, depending on the element. The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond	20
4781627549	nonpolar covalent bond	between two atoms of the same element because the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity	21
4781635028	polar covalent bond	an atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are not shared equally which creates what type of bond	22
4781641805	ionic bond	2 atoms are so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that the more electronegative atom strips an electron completely away from its atom	23
4781657505	Hydrogen bonds	Nonycovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atoms	24
4781664619	Name bonds strongest to weakest	covalent ionic hydrogen van der waals	25
4781677057	Dynamic equilibrium	Reactions are still going on, but with no net effect on the concentrations of reactants and products	26
4781686132	Polar molecule	unequal sharing of electrons overall charge is unevenly distributed water has a partial negative charge in the oxygen and each hydrogen has a partial positive charge	27
4782012157	Cohesion	hydrogen bonds hold the substance together	28
4782025771	Adhesion	clinging of one substance to another	29
4782038879	Calorie	the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C	30
4782074204	Explain how hydrogen bonding contributes to water's high specific heat	Heat must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds heat is released when hydrogen bonds form calorie of heat causes a relatively small change in temp of water because much of the heat is used to disrupt hydrogen bonds before water molecules can begin to move faster when temp of water drops slightly, many additional hydrogen bonds form, relating a considerable amount of energy in the form of heat	31
4782109920	Heat of Vaporization	quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state	32
4782114858	Evaporation	Transformation from a liquid to a gas	33
4782145275	Solvent	dissolving agent	34
4782145276	Solution	liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances	35
4782145277	Solute	substance that is dissolved	36
4782172078	because of its polarity	Why is water such a fine solvent	37
4782193850	Hydrophilic	likes water ionic polar can form hydrogen bonds	38
4782205228	hydrophobic	dislikes water nonionic nonpolar cannot form hydrogen bonds	39
4782233780	Molarity	the number of moles of solute per liter of solution	40
4782237739	H+ and OH-	What 2 ions form when water dissociates	41
4784171325	Acid	Substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution	42
4784172469	Base	Substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution	43
4784186472	10x10=100x more acidic	How many times more acidic is a pH of 3 compared to a pH of 5?	44
4784190364	10x10x10x10=10,000x more acidic	How many times more basic is a pH of 12 compared to a pH of 8?	45
4784198388	substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution. Accepts hydrogen ion from solution when they are in excess and donating hydrogen ions to the solution when they have been depleted.	How do buffers moderate pH change	46
4784212306	4	How many valence electrons does carbon have?	47
4784363099	4	How many bonds can carbon form	48
4784366757	single or double covalent bonds	What type of bonds does it form with other elements?	49
4784383942	Straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings	Carbon chains form skeletons. List here the types of skeletons that can be formed	50
4784407169	Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen Butane, Butene, Benzene hydrophobic	What is hydrocarbon? Name two. Are hydrocarbons hydrophobic or hydrophilic?	51
4784429105	Functional group	chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions	52
4784455472	Hydroxyl group		53
4784466318	Carbonyl group		54
4784471062	carboxyl group		55
4784474177	Amino group		56
4784485968	Sulfhydryl group		57
4784489871	Phosphate group		58
4784497567	Methyl Group		59
4785567124	Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids	The large molecules of all living things fall into just four main classes. Name them.	60
4786687658	Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids	Three of the four classes that are macromolecules	61
4786698164	macromolecule	made up of a very large number of atoms	62
4786703774	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.	63
4786706515	monomers	repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer, smaller molecules	64
4786723621	Dehydration monomers are connected by a reaction where 2 molecules are covalently bonded, with the loss of a water molecule	Monomers are connected in what type of reaction? What happens in the reaction?	65
4786730890	Hydrolysis, bond between monomers is broken by the addition of water	Large molecules (polymers) are converted to monomers in what type of reaction?	66
4786751579	monosaccharides	what are the monomers of all carbohydrates	67
4786760125	carbonyl and hydroxyl groups	what are the functional groups that all sugars have?	68
4786788595	Ketone- carbonyle is within the carbon skeleton Aldehyde- carbonyl is at the end of carbon skeleton	Difference between Ketone and Aldehyde	69
4786932803	Isomers	What is the term for compounds that have the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas	70
4787025987	glycogen and cellulose	The 2 categories of polysaccharides are...	71
4787064205	Hydrophobic	Lipids include fats, waxes, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. What characteristic do all lipids share?	72
4787071394	glycerol and fatty acids	What are the building blocks of fats?	73
4787096903	Ester linkage	Bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group	74
4787098934	Saturated fats	lard and butter solid at room temperature stack together	75
4787107044	unsaturated fats	fat of fish and plants (olive oil) liquid at room temperature don't pack together	76
4787146591	energy storage	major function of fats	77
4787205005	R group	variable group symbolized by an R Side chain differs with each amino acid	78
4787214813	20	How many different R groups	79
4787260109	peptide bond	a bond when two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they become joined by a dehydration reaction with the removal of a water molecule	80
4787429403	Primary structure	what structure? sequence of amino acids	81
4787478745	Secondary structure	what structure? segments of their polypeptide chains repeatedly could or folded in papers that contribute to the overall shape hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of polypeptide backbone	82
4787488123	Tertiary structure	what structure? overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of various amino acids covalent bonds, disulfide bridges	83
4787501007	Quaternary Structure	what structure? 2 or more polypeptide chains formed into one functional macromolecule	84
4787529320	denaturation	weak chemical bonds and interactions within a protein may be destroyed, causing the protein to unravel and lose its native shape	85
4787536693	change of ph change in salt concentration change in temp	how can a protein become denatured?	86
4787631399	A,T,C,G	Nitrogenous bases found in DNA	87
4787633046	A,U,G,C	Nitrogenous bases found in RNA	88
4787641216	Deoxy is double stranded Ribose is single stranded	Ribose vs Deoxyribose	89
4787668420	Antiparallel	two sugar phosphate backbones run in opposite 5->3 directions from each other	90
4787891687	Trace element	chemical elements representing less than 0.01% of body weight	91
4787899587	atomic number	# of protons in an atom	92
4787900876	mass number	# of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of one atom	93
4787903702	isotope	atoms of a given element that differ in the number of neutrons	94
4787919905	Radioisotopes	form of isotope that contains an unstable nucleus that emits energy and particle in an attempt to stabilize structure	95
4787930303	inert atoms	refers to those elements with no vacancies in their shells, show little tendency to enter chemical reactions	96
4787979951	Hydrogen bonds hold the two strands of the DNA molecule together and stabilize its structure.	importance of hydrogen bonds in establishing the structure of DNA	97
4788067578	ionic bond	what bond? 2 charged atoms have a mutual attraction due to a transfer of electrons	98
4788070598	covalent bond	what bond? electrons are shared	99
4788072083	there is no difference in the charge at the ends of the two poles of the bond	non polar covalent bond implies...	100
4788084428	hydrogen bond	type of chemical bond that contributes to the shape of large molecules	101
4788143160	sulfhydryl group	a functional group that stabilizes the structure of proteins	102
4788144690	phosphate group	functional group that is found within the structure of ATP and DNA	103
4788149411	hydroxyl group	functional group of the alcohols	104
4788152372	carbonyl group	functional group that is used in the building of fats and carbohydrates	105
4788153660	carboxyl group	functional group highly polar and found in amino acids	106
4788156657	alcohols	functional group thats an organic molecule containing large numbers of -OH functional groups	107
4790035298	enzymes	class of proteins that make chemical reactions occur faster	108
4790040591	condensation reaction/dehydrations	formation of a covalent bond by the removal of -OH and H+ functional groups, forming water	109
4790057383	cleavage	any action that splits a molecule into 2 smaller molecules	110
4790069953	polysaccharides	complex carbohydrates are...	111
4790071324	polysaccharide	chitin is in what class of carbohydrates...	112
4790075414	oligosaccharides	disaccharides are also called	113
4790078811	monosaccharide	ribose and deoxyribose are in what class of carbohydrates	114
4790081938	oligosaccharides	lactose, sucrose, and maltose are examples of what class of the carbohydrates	115
4790084325	monosaccharides	glucose and fructose are in what class of carbohydrates	116
4790086474	polysaccharide	starch and glycogen are in what class of carbohydrates	117
4790089080	polysaccharide	cellulose is in what class of carbohydrates	118
4790099899	chitin	main structural material in some external skeletons and other hard body parts of some animals and fungi	119
4790238325	triglycerides	richest source of body energy	120
4790240869	sterols/lipid	cholesterol belongs to what class	121
4790287251	peptide bond	type of covalent bond linking one amino acid to another	122
4790280645	disulfide bridges	a chemical bond between polypeptide chains that uses two sulfur atoms	123