AP Psychology: Unit 7B Flashcards

5416609857	Cognition	1) the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. 2) mental activities	0
5416611354	Concept	1) a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people 2) ideas that stayed grouped	1
5416612008	Prototype	1) a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). 2) typical example	2
5416613242	Algorithm	1) a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone - use of heuristics. 2) slow but effect process for solving problems	3
5416615813	Heuristic	1) a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. 2) fast but sometimes incorrect answers for solving problems	4
5416616022	Insight	1) a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. 2) "eurkia" moment	5
5416617302	Creativity	1) the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. 2) ability to make products	6
5416618058	Confirmation Bias	1) a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. 2) finding information to prove our point and ignore other evidence	7
5416618694	Fixation	1) the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. 2) stuck on a problem	8
5416619495	Mental Set	1) a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. 2) approaching a problem in your way	9
5416620847	Functional Fixedness	1) the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. 2) stuck on the function of a problem	10
5416621529	Representativeness Heuristic	1) judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. 2) judging things on particular example	11
5416623657	Availability Heuristic	1) estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common 2) using what is available in your mind to make judgement	12
5416629027	Overconfidence	1) the tendency to be more confident that correct - to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. 2) more confident than correct	13
5416629028	Belief Perseverance	1) clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they are formed has been discredited. 2) you clinging on believes	14
5416630054	Intuition	1) an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. 2) gut feeling	15
5416630824	Framing	1) the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. 2) the way an issue is presented	16
5416632239	Language	1) our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. 2) spoken, written, or signed communication	17
5416633026	Phoneme	1) in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. 2) basic sounds	18
5416633621	Morpheme	1) in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). 2) basic and has meaning	19
5416634606	Grammar	1) in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. 2) rules for combining words	20
5416637834	Semantics	1) the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. 2) meaning of word	21
5416637835	Syntax	1) the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. 2) sentence structure	22
5416638651	Babbling Stage	1) beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. 2) at four months, you are babbling sounds	23
5416639403	One-word Stage	1) the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. 2) at 1 year old, one word babbling	24
5416641018	Two-word Stage	1) beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. 2) 2 years old, two words together	25
5416641702	Telegraphic Speech	1) early speech state in which a child speaks like a telegram - "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs. 2) 3 years old, speaks like a telegram (nouns and Verbs)	26
5416642549	Linguistic Determinism	1) Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. 2) your language is determining our thoughts	27
5416645529	Whorf	Linguistic Determinism	28
5416647166	Chomsky	Inborn Universal Grammar (before birth)	29
5416649420	Skinner	Operant Learning (learn language after birth)	30