apes Flashcards

4743717235	primary air pollutants	produced by humans & nature (CO, CO2, SO2, NO, hydrocarbons, particulates)	0
4743717236	particulate matter	sources include burning fossil fuels and car exhaust. Effects include reduced visibility, respiratory irritation. Methods of reduction include filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy).	1
4743717237	ozone	Secondary pollutant, NO2 + UV NO + O; O + O2 O3, with VOCs. O3 causes respiratory irritation and plant damage. Reduced by reducing NO emissions and VOCs	2
4743717521	sulfur oxides (SOx)	Primary source is coal burning. Primary and secondary effects include acid deposition, respiratory irritation, plant damage. Reduction methods include: scrubbers, burn low sulfur fuel.	3
4743717522	carbon dioxide	Sources include the combustion of fossil fuels. Effects: greenhouse gas- contributes to global warming. Reduction accomplished by increased fuel efficiency (gas mileage), mass transit (reduction).	4
4743717758	ozone depletion	caused by CFCs, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, halon, methyl bromide all of which attack stratospheric ozone. Negative effects include increased UV, skin cancer, cataracts, and decreased plant growth.	5
4743717759	greenhouse gases	Most significant: H2O, CO2, methane (CH4), CFCs. Trap outgoing infrared energy (heat) causing earth to warm.	6
4743718227	greenhouse effect	a vital process, required for life to exist on Earth. If accelerated, bad, leads to global warming.	7
4743718228	effects of global warming	rising sea level (due to thermal expansion not melting ice), extreme weather, droughts (famine), and extinctions.	8
4743718540	electricity generation	steam, from water boiled by fossils fuels or nuclear energy, or falling water is used to turn a generator.	9
4743719096	petroleum (crude oil) formation	microscopic aquatic organisms in sediments converted by heat & pressure into a mixture of hydrocarbons.	10
4743719097	petroleum pros	cheap, easily transported, high-quality energy. Cons: reserves depleted soon, pollution during drilling, transport and refining, land subsidence, burning oil produces CO2.	11
4743719454	coal formation	prehistoric plants buried undecomposed in oxygen-depleted water of swamps/bogs converted by heat and pressure.	12
4743719455	ranks of coal	peat, lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite coal.	13
4743720284	PCBs (polychlorinated Biphenyls)	Stable, long-lived, carcinogenic chlorinated hydrocarbons. Produced by the electronics industry.	14
4743720285	multiple use public lands	National Forest & National Resource lands	15
4743720672	moderately restricted use public lands	National Wildlife Refuges	16
4743720877	restricted use public lands	National parks & National Wilderness Preservation System	17
4743720878	Rachel Carson	published Silent Spring in 1962; documented the environmental damage done by DDT and other pesticides which heightened public awareness at the start of the modern environmental movement.	18
4743721560	John Muir	founded Sierra Club in 1892; fought unsuccessfully to prevent the damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park. Gifford Pinchot: first chief of the US Forest Service; advocated managing resources for multiple use using principles of sustainable yield.	19
4743721561	Aldo Leopold	wrote A Sand County Almanac published a year after his death in 1948; promoted a "Land Ethic" in which humans are ethically responsible for serving as the protectors of nature.	20
4743722079	sustainable development	the idea that economic improvement for the world's poorest populations is possible without devastating the environment	21
4743722543	ecological footprint	to measure the demands placed on nature by individuals and nations. A simple questionnaire of 16 items gives a rough estimate of your personal footprint.	22