AP Biology Evolution-Crystal Flashcards

8968606031	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	0
8968606032	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
8968606033	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
8968606034	Hardy-Weinberg	the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	3
8968606035	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population	4
8968606036	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	5
8968606037	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	6
8968606038	genetic drift	changes in the gene pool due to random events	7
8968606039	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	8
8968606040	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	9
8968606041	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	10
8968606042	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	11
8968606043	disruptive selection	when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	12
8968606044	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	13
8968606045	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	14
8968606046	sexual dimorphism	marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction or survival (differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior)	15
8968606047	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	16
8968606048	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	17
8968606049	microevolution	changes over time in allele frequencies in a population	18
8968606050	macroevolution	the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans	19
8968606051	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	20
8968606052	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	21
8968606053	hybrids	offspring that result from interspecific mating	22
8968606054	prezygotic barriers	impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)	23
8968606055	post zygotic barriers	prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown	24
8968606056	allopatric speciation	gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	25
8968606057	sympatric speciation	speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)	26
8968606058	punctuated equilibrium	the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change	27
8968606059	protobionts	collections of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane-like structure with simple chemical reactions (precursor of prokaryotic cells)	28
8968606060	endosymbiosis	mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells	29
8968606061	adaptive radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities	30
8968606062	analogy	similarity due to convergent evolution	31
8968606063	homology	similarity due to shared ancestry	32
8968606064	Darwin's Theory (five parts)	1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)	33
8968606065	abiotic synthesis	formation of organic molecules from inorganic material	34
8968606066	last universal common ancestor (LUCA)	a common ancestor to all organisms that live and had lived on Earth	35
8968606067	extinction	total disappearance of all members of a species	36
8968606068	mass extinction	total disappearance of a large number a species within a few million years	37
8968606069	extant	still in existance	38
8968606070	fitness	ability to produce surviving offspring	39
8968606071	morphological species concept	new species differ by physical characteristics known as diagnostic traits	40
8968606072	evolutionary species concept	members of a species share distinct evolutionary pathway and common traits	41
8968606073	phylogenetic species concept	a family tree is used to identify species based on a common ancestor	42
8968606074	biological species concept	species are identified as separate because of reproductive isolation.	43
8968606075	fossil	remains and traces of evidence of past life	44