AP chapter 11 Flashcards

6645071050	Agribusiness	a large-scale farming enterprise	0
6645077968	Agriculture	the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock	1
6645086481	biotechnology	the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments	2
6645092791	commercial agriculture	Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.	3
6645125620	von thuen model	Used to explain the importance of proximity to market in choice of crops on commercial farms. Must combine the value of high yield crop per hectare and the cost of transporting the yield per hectare. (For example something like dairy products can't be located far away from cities because the milk would spoil before they could get it to the city)	4
6645135345	gmo	[genetically modified organism] an organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial genes.	5
6645140722	green revolution	the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity	6
6645151841	livestock ranges	An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West.	7
6645156136	luxury crop	Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco	8
6645183029	Slash-And-Burn (Swidden)	farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris. Swidden is the cleared area that is known by a variety of names in different regions (swidden is the name in one specific region).	9
6645191905	Sustainable Agriculture	Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.	10
6645203146	Transhumance	The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.	11
6645215432	organic agriculture	approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicieds, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs	12
6645219293	primary economic activity	economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment; such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture	13
6645227370	secondary economic activity	economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector	14
6645230456	tertiary economic activity	economic activity associated with the provision fo services (transportation, banking, retailing, education, routine, office-based jobs)	15
6645235396	quaternary economic activity	service sector industires concerned with the collection, processing, and manipuation of information and capital (finance, administration, insurance, legal services)	16
6645237864	quinary economic activity	service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge skill (scientific research, high-level management)	17
6645242558	plant domesticaton	genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention	18
6645244152	root crops	crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants	19
6645250359	seed crops	crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants	20
6645253842	First Agricultural Revolution	Dating back 10,000 years, achieved plant domestication and animal domestication	21
6645256242	animal domestication	genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control	22
6645262653	shifting cultivation	used especially in tropical Africa, in which an area of ground is cleared of vegetation and cultivated for a few years and then abandoned for a new area until its fertility has been naturally restored.	23
6645267403	Second Agricultural Revolution	dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce	24
6645274412	Third Agricultural Revolution	Currently in progress, development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's) in agriculture	25
6645280365	rectangular survey system	Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels.	26
6645283456	township and range system	A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.	27
6645287711	metes and bounds system	A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees.	28
6645293947	primogeniture	system where the eldest son in a family, or in exceptional cases, a daughter inherits all of the parent's land	29
6645297348	monoculture	dependence on a single agricultural commodity	30
6645301816	Koppen climatic classification system	Developed by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitatiion	31
6645304907	climatic regions	Areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics	32
6645308138	plantation agriculture	Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop.	33
6645326148	food desert	imited access to fresh nutritious foods - low income neighborhoods where consumers have little access to medium and large grocery stores.	34
6645336854	cash crop	subsistence crops - cotton	35
6683145182	Fertile Crescent, a region in the Middle East that includes most of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and the Nile River basin in Egypt	.What are the agricultural hearths?	36
6683172908	destroyed ecosystem	What is an environmental effect of Swidden (Slash and Burn) agriculture?	37
6683193014	linear, walled, cluster, round, and grid villages	Name the 5 various village systems	38
6683357089	linear villages	are one with Road goes through the town, and everyone's house is on the road, farm extends behind their houses .Example: Japanese.	39
6683360086	walled villages	are villages with where the village is surrounded by fortified walls. Example:Nigeria, Farm Villages	40
6683360087	cluster villages	these have more than one major road that they build along, and they also have houses that clusters around large public buildings, such as churches, livestock corrals, or grain bins.	41
6683362291	round villages	are the most traditional style is found in east africa and parts of europe, and it features houses that circle around a central corral for animals. Location : East Africa	42
6683362292	grid villages	are most like a modern village - straight street patterns that run in parallel and perpendicular lines.	43
6683549417	Township and Range, Metes and Bounds, Longlot Survey	Name the Three Cadastral Systems	44
6683527058	long lot	french formed idea, divides lands into narrow parcels connected to water to irrigate crops.	45
6688845779	Northern England during the second half of the 18th century	When and where did the modern concept of industry originate?	46
6688909800	the late 1700's	The Industrial Revolution began in?	47
6705173288	nucleated settlement	form around a central area.	48
6705184822	dispersed settlement	Typically, there are a number of separate farmsteads scattered throughout the area	49
6705315996	social stratification	based upon their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or derived power	50
6736428240	fair trade	trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries.	51