AP Biology: Evolution Flashcards

9602060502	Evolution	A change in allele frequencies in a population over many generations.	0
9602060503	Allele	the different versions of a gene	1
9602060504	Hardy-Weinberg Equation	p² + 2pq + q² =1	2
9602060505	Gene flow	Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population. It INCREASES diversity.	3
9602060506	Mutations	Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides. The source of all genetic diversity.	4
9602060507	Nonrandom mating	Individuals choose their mates for a specific reason.	5
9602060508	Natural Selection	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	6
9602060509	Genetic Drift	A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. It LIMITS diversity.	7
9602060510	Bottleneck Effect	When a population has been dramatically reduced, and the gene pool is no longer reflective of the original population's. It LIMITS diversity.	8
9602060511	The Founder Effect	When a small population breaks away from a larger one to colonize a new area, it is most likely not genetically representative of the original larger population.	9
9602060512	Gene Pool	All of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population	10
9602060513	Heterozygous	An organism that has two different alleles for a trait	11
9602060514	Homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a particular gene	12
9602060515	Linnaeus	Invented binomial nomenclature	13
9602060516	Lamarck	inheritance of acquired characteristics	14
9602060517	Darwin	English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection	15
9602060518	Stabilizing Selection	Natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes.	16
9602060519	Disruptive Selection	Increases the extreme types in a population at the expense of intermediate forms. Over great lengths of time, disruptive selection may result in the formation of two new species.	17
9602060520	Directional Selection	Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.	18
9602060521	Artificial Selection	Humans breed plants and animals by seeking individual with desired traits as breeding stock.	19
9602060522	Fitness	How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment	20
9602060523	Adaptive evolution	An evolutionary process that is directed by natural selection, which makes a population better adapted to live in an environment.	21
9602060524	Allopatric Speciation	the evolution of new species through the process of geographic isolation into two separate environments	22
9602060525	Sympatric Speciation	occurs when a species evolves into a new species in an area without a geographic barrier	23
9602060526	Continental Drift	Wegener's idea that the continents slowly moved over Earth's surface, leading to allopatric speciation	24
9602060527	Diploid	having two sets of chromosomes	25
9602060528	Haploid	Cell that has half the number of chromosomes as body cells	26
9602060529	Heterozygote advantage	greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in a gene pool	27
9602060530	Homologous Structures	Structures that come from the same ancestor...have a common origin and reflect a common ancestry.	28
9602060531	Analogous Structures	Similar in function but not structure, like the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly.	29
9602060532	Convergent Evolution	The process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment	30
9602060533	Prezygotic barriers	Prevent mating between different species by blocking the zygote from forming	31
9602060534	Postzygotic barriers	Prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult	32