AP Psychology - Learning Theory Flashcards

5700705883	operant conditioning	a type of learning based on a behavior followed by a consequence model; "operating" on the environment will be followed by a consequence	0
5700705884	Thorndike's "Law of Effect"	if a behavior is followed by a pleasant consequence, likely to repeat behavior; if a behavior is followed by a pleasant consequence, likely to stop behavior	1
5700705885	punishment	(aversive training) used to stop a behavior; in order to be effective, must be sufficiently aversive	2
5700705886	reinforcement	used to increase behavior	3
5700705887	shaping	a process in which successive approximations (steps towards a goal) are reinforced	4
5700705888	chaining	a process in which a sequence of behaviors are shaped	5
5700705889	behaviorism	(1920-1960) a school of thought where every behavior is linked to experience of consequences	6
5700705890	tabula rasa	"blank slate" (John Locke); every human is a blank slate at birth, to be influenced and changed by experiences	7
5700705891	John B. Watson	father of behaviorism	8
5700705892	B. F. Skinner	behaviorist; believed free will does not exist and that people are the products of the consequences they've experienced	9
5700705893	acquisition	stage in shaping where behavior is acquired	10
5700705894	generalization	stage in shaping where the subject believes that all similar behaviors will result in the same consequences	11
5700705895	discrimination	stage in shaping where the subject recognizes that only one specific behavior will result in consequence	12
5700705896	extinction	stage in shaping where behavior is deconditioned	13
5700705897	spontaneous recovery	behavior is immediately reacquired as if by flashback	14
5700705898	contingency in operant conditioning	if this behavior is done, it will consistently be followed by this consequence (if you do A, then B will consistently follow)	15
5700705899	immediacy	consequence must follow behavior immediately	16
5700705900	overjustification effect	offering an extrinsic reward for a behavior an individual is already willing to do can reduce their original intrinsic motivation	17
5700705901	Premack principle	once you know what is reinforcing for a particular individual, you can use it as a reward for a behavior you wish them to perform	18
5700705902	positive reinforcement	a desired stimulus is presented	19
5700705903	positive punishment	an aversive stimulus is presented	20
5700705904	negative punishment/omission training	a desired stimulus is removed	21
5700705905	negative reinforcement	an aversive stimulus is removed	22
5700705906	escape learning	(negative reinforcement) behavior removes an unpleasant experience	23
5700705907	avoidance learning	(negative reinforcement) behavior exhibited because subject recognizes that an unpleasant experience is about to happen	24
5700705908	continuous schedule of reinforcement	a consequence occurs every time a behavior is performed (shaping)	25
5700705909	fixed ratio	a partial/intermittent schedule of reinforcement; contingent upon a set, specific number of times the behavior is performed	26
5700705910	variable ratio	a partial/intermittent schedule of reinforcement; contingent upon a changing, unpredictable number of times the behavior is performed	27
5700705911	fixed interval	a partial/intermittent schedule of reinforcement; contingent upon a set, specific amount of passing time	28
5700705912	variable interval	a partial/intermittent schedule of reinforcement; contingent upon a changing, unpredictable amount of passing time	29
5700705913	Chimp-o-mat	an experiment where chimps where shaped to value poker chips that could be used to get food, water, a ride, etc.	30
5700705914	token economy	an idea where useless things gain value if they can be used to get a reward	31
5700705915	primary reinforcer	naturally reinforcing things (food, water)	32
5700705916	secondary reinforcer	subject has to learn to value these (money)	33
5700705917	learned helplessness	(Martin Seligman) a process in which one tries to do something, continually fails, and then quits trying altogether; if an individual believes that no matter what they do they cannot control outcomes, they will conclude that they are helpless to effect change	34
5700705918	insight learning	(Wolfgang Kohler) a process in which an organism ruminates on a problem and then has a relatively sudden solution come to mind	35
5700705919	latent learning	(Edward Tolman) learning that is acquired but is not demonstrated until the subject is reinforced for doing so	36
5700705920	cognitive map	a mental representation that can be called up if there is an incentive to do so	37
5700705921	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which one associates two (or more) stimuli, resulting in a new "stimulus = response" connection	38
5700705922	unconditioned stimulus	stimulus that causes a natural response	39
5700705923	unconditioned response	instinctual reaction	40
5700705924	conditioned stimulus	stimulus associated with UCS	41
5700705925	conditioned response	learned reaction	42
5700705926	Pavlov	physiologist studying digestion and salivation in dogs; dogs began salivating before getting food	43
5700705927	Watson	studied phobias; conditioned Little Albert to fear white rats	44
5700705928	contingency in classical conditioning	the conditioned stimulus must reliably predict the arrival of the unconditioned stimulus	45
5700705929	Robert Rescorla	believed that there is a thought component (cognitive) to conditioning	46
5700705930	aversive conditioning	the use of antabuse to induce nausea with alcohol to help rid people of alcoholism	47
5700705931	taste aversion	(John Garcia) associating sickness with food after one pairing; immediacy is not necessary	48
5700705932	second order conditioning	linking a new CS to the original CS (weaker connection)	49
5700705933	blocking	the learning of a new CS can be blocked by the first CS	50
5700705934	observational/social learning	a type of learning in which the subject imitates the behavior of a model	51
5700705935	Albert Bandura	studied aggression in children; in "Bobo" doll study, children would exhibit aggressive behavior towards a doll after seeing adults doing it	52
5700705936	self-efficacy	one knows they can successfully/safely control the outcome of a behavior	53
5700705937	pro-social behavior	helping acts	54
5700705938	positive transfer of learning	learning one thing will help you learn another	55
5700705939	negative transfer of learning	learning one thing impedes learning of another	56
5700705940	instinctual drift	when in doubt, animals revert to behaviors that come naturally; their innate tendencies may interfere with their conditioning	57