AP Psychology Research Methods Flashcards

9563196409	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it	0
9563199891	The Scientific Method (In order)	Question Hypothesis Experiment Results Conclusions Theory	1
9563203008	Operational Definition	A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables	2
9563204044	Replication	Ability to repeat a research study, with different participants in different situations	3
9563206429	Population	All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn	4
9563207704	Sample	Small group of participants, out of a total population, that a researcher studies	5
9563209471	Random Sample	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	6
9563211908	Naturalistic Observation	Observation of subject(s) in a natural setting without manipulating or controlling the situation	7
9563214573	Case Study	Intensive investigation of participant(s)	8
9563215857	Survey	Information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions	9
9563217466	Longitudinal Study	Studying a group of participants over a number of years	10
9563218585	Cross-Sectional Study:	Studying groups of participants of different ages and comparing them to draw conclusions about age	11
9563221870	Postive Correlation	Both factors increase and decrease together	12
9563223707	Negative Correlation	One factor increases while other decreases	13
9563228935	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more variables	14
9563231309	Independent Variable	Manipulated by experimenter to observe its effects	15
9563232357	Dependent Variable	The changes that occur in relation to the independent variable	16
9563233077	Confounding Variables	Factors other than independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment	17
9563234322	Experimental Group	Independent variable is applied	18
9563235318	Control Group	Treated the same way as exp.; however, independent variable is not applied	19
9563238590	Self Full-filling Prophecy	Researcher's expectations influence behavior; ultimately influencing the participants behavior	20
9563242914	Placebo Effect	Change in participant's behavior just by belief	21
9563245767	Single-Blind Procedure	Participants unaware of which received treatment (Solves placebo)	22
9563247250	Double-Blind Procedure	Participants and experimenters are unaware of participant that received treatment (solves fulfilling prophecy)	23
9563251165	Nominal Data	Categorized	24
9563252215	Ordinal Data	Ordered	25
9563261552	Interval Data	Equal interval between points with no true zero point	26
9563264175	Ratio Data	equal interval between points with true zero point	27
9563277835	Mean	Arithmetic average of distribution	28
9563277836	Median	Middle score of distribution	29
9563279276	Mode	Most frequently occurring score in distribution	30
9563281813	Normal Distribution	Symmetrical, Bell-Shaped distribution	31
9563284645	Positively and Negatively Skewed Distribution	Skewed to left or right	32
9563297909	Standard Deviation	A computed measure of how much scored vary around the mean	33
9563299030	Z-Score	Number of standard Deviations a score is from the mean Pos. Is above mean Neg. Is below mean	34
9563301328	Barnum Effect	The tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and believe in its accuracy	35
9563302917	Descriptive, Correlation, Experimental	3 types of research	36
9563305773	Descriptive Research	Any research that observes and records	37
9563307768	False Consensus Effect	Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors	38
9563315437	Correlation Coefficient	(-1 to +1) A number that measures the strength of a relationship Weaker when closer to zero	39
9563322085	Hawthorne Effect	Just the fact that you know you are in an experiment can cause change	40
9563326687	Statistically Significant	Unlikely to have occurred by chance	41
9563336350	Inferential Statistics	To discover whether the finding can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was collected	42
9563338139	Central Tendency	Mean, median, and mode; watching out for outliers that affect mean the most	43
9563343320	IRB	Internal Review Board	44