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AP Biology Unit 1 Flashcards

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4773860096How many natural elements are there?920
4773861038What are the four main elements that make up 96% of life forms?hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen1
4773869247What element is all life based on?carbon2
4773870731What elements make up the rest?potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium (kpsc-king Phillip sings carefully)3
4773873693What are the four trace elements?iron, magnesium, iodine, sodium. (femgina.... easy to remember by itself)4
4773878649What are the three subatomic particles?protons (+), electrons (-), and neutrons (neutral)5
4773882150Where are protons and neutrons in an atom?the nucleus6
4773883414Where are electrons in an atom?energy levels7
4773884293How much does a proton weigh?1 amu/dalton8
4773884869How much does a neutron weigh?1 amu/dalton9
4773884870How much does an electron weigh?1/2000 amu/dalton10
4773886015What is an isotope?a form of an atom with a different number of neutrons (same amount of protons and electrons)11
4773888495What are the three isotopes of hydrogen?protium, deuterium, and tritium12
4773891104How many protons/electrons does protium have?one proton and one electron13
4773893775How many neutrons does protium have?zero14
4773896814How many protons/electrons does deuterium have?one proton and one electron15
4773897754How many neutrons does deuterium have?one16
4773898879How any protons/electrons does tritium have?one proton and one electron17
4773899766How many neutrons does tritium have?two18
4773937264What are the three isotopes of carbon?C12, C13, C1419
4773938337How many neutrons does c12 have? (it has 6 protons)6 neutrons20
4773940350How many neutrons does c13 have? (it has 6 protons)7 neutrons21
4773941315How many neutrons does c14 have? (..it has 6 protons)8 neutrons22
4773941996Which isotope of carbon is radioactive?c1423
4773944985What is a half life?how long it takes for an amount of a radioactive element to lose half it's atoms24
4773946100What is the half life of c14?5600 years25
4773947239If a fossil is 1/2 as radioactive as you, how old is it?5600 years old26
4773948550If a fossil is 1/4 as radioactive as you, how old is it?11,200 years old27
4773951567How many electrons are in the first energy level?2 electrons28
4773952150How many electrons are in the second energy level?8 electrons29
4773952823What is an octet?when an atom has its outer energy level filled with 8 electrons it is considered an octet. it is stable30
4777446597What is a valence electron?the electrons in the outermost energy level31
4777450314STUDY THIS CHARTElmnt., atomic #, valence e, bonds H 1 1 1 N 7 5 2 O 8 6 3 C 6 4 432
4777483121When sodium and calcium combine, who loses an electron?sodium33
4777483122What is an ion?a charged atom34
4777483696What is a positively charged atom?cation35
4777484812What is a negatively charged atomanion36
4777488793What is electronegativity?an atoms attraction to electrons37
4777486924Which is more electronegative, oxygen or hydrogen?oxygen38
4777490595What makes a molecule polar?it is any molecule with an unequal distribution of charge (electrons)39
4777496815What is a good example of a polar molecule?Water40
4777496012What is cohesion?Attraction of something to itself41
4777497407What is adhesion?attraction something has for something else42
4777501505What must a substance be to adhere?(when it comes to water)hydrophilic43
4777502610What does hydrophilic mean?likes water44
4777502611What does hydrophobic mean?doesn't like water CAN'T BE POLAR!!!!!!45
4777504025What is an example of a hydrophobic substance?oil, fats--nonpolar insoluble46
4777508361What is it called when water rises through the stems in plants?capillary action (transpirational pull)47
4777510618What does the water rise through?xylem48
4783029092what must xylem be to transport this water?hydrophilic49
4777518283Why allows bugs to walk on water?surface tension (bug coats legs with something hydrophobic50
4777520599Why does water have strong surface tension?hydrogen bonds!51
4777521579What is specific heat?the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of something52
4777522883What is the specific heat of water?1 cal/g/degree53
4777526032What makes water's specific heat so high?The hydrogen bond restrains motion in water which makes its specific heat high. Specific heat is largely based on molecular motion, and water has very little.54
4777532981DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND HEATtemperature->average->thermometer heat->total->calorimeter55
4777536677What is heat of vaporization?The amount of energy required to evaporate 1 gram of something56
4777538342What is the heat of vaporization for water?550 calories per gram57
4777540392Why does water expand when freezing?hydrogen bonds!58
4777541659At what temperature does water begin to expand?4 degrees celsius ..the bottom of the ocean is about 5 or 6 degrees, because once water hits 4 degrees it begins rising...59
4777545947What is the solvent of life?water60
4777547203What is a mole?number of grams of something equal to that something's molecular weight61
4777550061How much is a mole?6.02x10^23 or....a buttload62
4777552304Total weight of a molecule?The atomic weight of each element added up. For example, the molecular weight of H2O is 18 amu.63
4777566388NOTEthe molecular weight of something equals 1 mole ex: one mole of water is 18 amu64
4777559050Does snow heat or cool the atmosphere?It heats it65
4777562812What does Mr. Ford call a "bare naked proton"?hydrogen after dissociation66
4777573044What happens when a water molecule dissociates?Hydrogen and hydroxide ions are created67
4777573674memorize this chartacids H+ pH below 7 oranges bases OH- pH above 7 grapes68
4777577412What are buffers?molecules that reduce fluctuation in pH69
4777579261What are examples of buffers?bicarbonate and carbonic acid70
4777584286What is the formula for bicarbonate?HCO371
4777585076What is the formula for carbonic acid?H2CO372
4777586609Is bicarbonate an acceptor or donator of hydrogen ions?acceptor73
4777588096Is carbonic acid an acceptor of donator of hydrogen ions?donator74
4777590006What is oxygen depletion?When suffocation occurs or someone has a weak heart, there is a loss of oxygen which makes you acid-like (pH falls). There is too much CO2, so that combines with H2P and makes carbonic acid. People go to the hospital and are healed with "grapes" (bicarbonate)75
4777597236What is vitalism?The belief that the organic compounds in us were made by a life force inside of us (not true)76
4777601543What are hydrocarbons?organic compounds consisting of only hydrogen and carbon77
4777602594What are examples of hydrocarbons?butane gas, methane, and gasoline78
4777604024What is the chemical formula of butane?C4H1079
4777622195What is the chemical formula for gasoline?C8H1880
4777626211What is the chemical formula for methane?CH481
4777632406However, most fuels we get are refined.They are found contaminate with nitrogen, oxygen, iron, calcium, sulfur, etc.82
4777633625What is an isomer?molecules with the same formula, different shape83
4777636718Example of an isomer:butane and isobutane84
4777640672What are functional groups?atoms, other than carbon or hydrogen, commonly attached to carbon atoms.85
4777660661What are the first three functional groups?hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl86
4777643581What is different about a hydroxyl?It has a hydroxide ion attached. it is an alcohol87
4777647061What are three examples of hydroxyls?methyl alcohol (methanol), ethyl alcohol (ethanol), glycerol88
4777651096What does a methanol molecule look like?89
4777653197What does an ethanol molecule look like?90
4777656915What does a glycerol molecule look like?91
4777659535What makes something a carbonyl?It has a double bonded oxygen and a hydrogen92
4777666897What are some examples of carbonyl?Glucose, glyceraldehyde, fructose93
4777670879What does a glucose molecule look like?best pic i could get94
4777675956What does a glyceraldehyde molecule look like?this doesn't even look right...95
4777680264A TRIOSE IS A 3 C SUGAR (glyceraldehyde-in left pic. this slide has better pics)96
4777684373What is fructose?An isomer of glucose97
4777687429What does a fructose molecule look like?98
4777690096What is on a carboxyl group?it has a double bonded oxygen and a hydroxide99
4777696302What are some examples of carboxyls?acedic acid, fatty acids, formic acid100
4777698060What does acedic acid look like?nothin101
4777705347What do fatty acids look like?102
4777707472What does formic acid look like? ANT STINGS!103
4777710868What else is special about carboxyls?They have double electronegativity. The 2 oxygens cause this due to the greediness for hydrogen protons. This causes dissociation because the hydrogen are tired of losing their protons.104
4781425671What are the next three functional groups we learned?amino, sulfhydral, phosphate105
4781428002What is part of an amino group?A nitrogen (with two more hydrogen attached to it)106
4781431726What is an example of a molecule with an amino group?urea107
4781509072What is an amino acid?any organic compound with an amino group and a carboxyl (=O, -OH, -N)108
4782459962EXAMPLE109
4782462417What is special about amino acids?it can act as a base or an acid due to the carboxyl and the amino groups added onto it. It often dissociates110
4782466921What is a sulfhydral group?sulfur and hydrogen111
4782468460What is the sulfhydral's main function?It helps proteins fold by making DISULFIDE BRIDGES112
4782473556What is the makeup of a phosphate group?A phosphorus and 4 oxygens.113
4782475443What does a phosphate group look like?114
4782477305What do we think of when we think of phosphate groups?ATP! it has 3 phosphate groups115
4782479498What is a Calorie?kilocalorie. used in food116
4782481771What functional group is organic acids?carboxyl117
4782484523What groups are associated with carbohydrates?hydroxyl and carbonyl118
4782486086What does water dissociate into?hydrogen and hydroxide119
4782487874What is organic chemistry centered around?Carbon compounds120
4782489157What does a formic acid look like?121
4782880867does bicarbonate bring the pH up or down?up122
4782881130does carbonic acid bring the pH up or down?down123
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