Bio AP: Cellular Energetics Flashcards

6676294897	Where is energy stored in glucose, starch, fat, etc	In the chemical bonds -cells release energy when bonds are broken	0
6676303055	bioenergetics	the study of how cells obtain, store and release energy	1
6676324478	what happens to energy when bonds are formed	energy is used	2
6676328108	what happens to energy when bonds are broken	energy is released -but it takes energy to break the bonds	3
6676334115	enzymes	-protein molecules that catalyze chemical reactions to speed up chemical reactions -decrease the amount of energy the cell needs to expend	4
6676343003	organic catalysts	-enzymes -they speed up the rate of a reaction without altering the reaction itself	5
6676350370	do enzymes change during the reactions they catalyze	no	6
6676350371	exergonic reactions	-energy is released -the products have more energy than the reactants	7
6676511077	endergonic reaction	-require an input of energy -products have more energy than reactants	8
6676523871	activation energy	-the energy barrier -the amount of energy required to get a reaction started	9
6676535441	do exergonic reactions require activation energy?	yes	10
6676766588	what does it mean to catalyze a reaction	-to activatae a reaction and to lower the activation energy of a reaction, enabling the reaction to occur much faster than it would in the absence of a catalyst	11
6676776311	enzyme specificity	-each enzyme only catalyzes one type of reaction -shape determines function -enzymes are named after the molecules they target	12
6676783673	substrates	the molecules that are catalyzed by an enzyme	13
6676790119	what does the suffix -ase mean	usually means enzyme	14
6676795757	active site	the region on an enzyme where the substrates are brought together	15
6676798935	enzyme-substrate complex	the structure formed by an enzyme and its substrates binded to the active site	16
6676809967	what is the outcome of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction called	product	17
6676814824	what happens to the enzyme when the substrate is released	it's ready for another substrate	18
6676823115	are enzymes affected in any way by the reactions they catalyze	no	19
6676824997	do enzymes change the reactions they catalyze	no	20
6676829940	do enzymes make reactions occur that would otherwise not occur at all?	no -just speed them up	21
6676829941	induced fit	-enzyme has to slightly change its shape to accommodate the shape of the substrates' -snug fit	22
6676856835	coenzymes	factors that help enzymes in catalyzing a reaction -they accept electrons and pass them along to another substrate -ex. NAD+ and NADP+	23
6677003958	cofactors	inorganic elements that help catalyze reactions -usually metal ions (Fe 2+)	24
6677696506	what is an important cofactor of hemoglobin	Fe 2+ because it is important for binding with oxygen in bloodstream	25
6677705212	three factors that can affect enzyme reaction rates	-pH -temp -relative amounts of enzyme and substrate	26
6677714334	why does an increase in temperature usually increase the rate of a reaction	becuase up to a point, an increase in temp increases the chance of collisions among molecules	27
6677720766	what can happen if an enzyme is exposed to too much heat	the heat can damage the enzyme -the enzyme loses its 3d shape and becomes inactive	28
6677723250	denature	-when an enzyme loses its shape and therefore its function	29
6677730531	ideal temp	all enzymes operate at an ideal temperature	30
6677740429	check the equation for Q10 on pg 135		31
6677743047	what is the optimal pH for most enzymes	at or near 7	32
6677746960	what regulates the activity of enzymes	the cell can control enzymatic activity	33
6677749377	how o cells regulate enzymatic activity	by regulating the conditions that influence the shape of the enzyme	34
6677750951	allosteric site	a region of the enzyme other than the active site to which a substance can bind -allosteric regulators can eithether inhibit or activate enzymes by binding to the allosteric site	35
6677753652	two types of allosteric regulators	-allosteric inhibitor -allosteric activator	36
6677765822	allosteric inhibitor	-binds to an allosteric site and keeps the enzyme in its inactive form	37
6677769137	allosteric activator	binds to an enzyme and induces its active form	38
6677772438	feedback inhibition	the formation of an endproduct inhibits an earlier reaction in the sequence	39
6677778926	how do allosteric enzymes relate to feedback inhibition	-when there is excess product, the allosteric inhibitor will inactivate the enzyme that produces that product	40
6677790190	competitive inhiition	-when chemical substances that fit into the active site of an enzyme compete with the substrate and effectively inactivate the enzyme -structurally similar to the normal substrate	41
6678479746	noncompetetive inhibition	-the inhibitor binds with the enzyme at a site OTHER than the active site and inactivates the enzyme by altering its shape -prevents the enzyme from binding witht he substrate at the active site	42
6678487774	first law of thermodynamics (fundamental principle of energy)	energy cannot be created nor destroyed. sum of the energy in the universe is constant	43
6678490589	second law of thermodynamics	states that energy transfer leads to less organization -the universe tends toward disorder	44
6678495058	entropy	disorder	45
6678497520	Gibbs Free energy	delta G= delta H- TdeltaS	46
6678502302	enthalpy	the measure of energy in a thermodynamic system	47
6678504285	favorable reaction	-spontaneous, and negative free energy	48
6678505246	unfavorable reaction	nonspontaneous, positive free energy	49
6678508645	what is the gibbs free energy equation used for	to figure out if the reactants of a reaction will stay as they are or be converted to products	50
6678513109	spontaneous reactions	-occur without a net addition of energy -have a negative delta G -occur with energy to spare -exergonic	51
6678516927	nonspontaneous reactions	-positive delta G -require energy to be added -endergonic	52
6678525362	what is the source of energy in living things	ATP	53
6678525363	ATP acronym	adenosine triphosphate	54
6678527398	structure of ATP	-consists of a molecule of adenosine bonded to three phosphates -lots of energy packed into the third phosphate bond	55
6678532252	How does a cell harvest energy from ATP when it needs energy	-it takes a molecule of ATP and splits off the third phosphate, forming adenosine diphosphate, and one loose phosphate, while releasing energy in the process	56
6678539456	equation of breaking ATP	ATP --> ADP + Pi + energy	57
6678545036	what are two ways that ATP is produced	1. cellular respiration 2. photosynthesis	58
6678546137	photosynthesis	-involves the transformation of solar energy inot chemical energy -plants take co2 h20, and energy (sunlight) and use them to produce glucose	59
6678550178	overall reaction of photosynthesis	6CO2 + 6H20 + sunlight --> C6H12O6 + 6O2	60
6678555467	cellular respiration	-performed by all organisms -ATP is produced through the breakdown of nutrients	61
6678559486	equation of cellular respiration	C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP	62
6678566144	two different forms of cellular respiration	aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration	63
6678568470	whats the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration	aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen. anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen isn't present	64
6678571646	four stages of aerobic cellular respiration	1. glycolysis 2. formation of acetyl CoA 3. the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid cycle) 4. oxidative phosphorylation	65
6678575251	whats another name for the krebs cycle	citric acid cycle	66
6678578789	Glycolysis	-splitting glucose -glucose is a six-carbon sugar and it gets broken down into two 3-carbon molecule	67
6678581849	what are the products of glycolysis	2 pyruvic acids (3-carbon molecule) 2 NADH	68
6678585837	how much NET atp is produced during glycolysis	net production of 2 atp	69
6678587747	equation of glycolysis	glucose + 2ATP +2NAD+ --> 2 Pyruvic acid +4ATP + 2NADH	70
6678592281	What coenzyme is used in cellular respiration	NADH and NAD+	71
6678595316	phosphorylated	means to attatch an inorganic phosphate from ATP, and it gives energy	72
6678597523	does glycolysis happen in one step	-no -takes multiple reactions that are each catalyzed by a different enzyme -ATP is required to phosphorylate glucose -NADH is used to transfer electrons	73
6678628027	how is NADH produced in glycolysis	-the transfer of H+ to the hydrogen carrier NAD+, which becomes NADH -NADH will be used later to make ATP	74
6678631420	where does glycolysis occur	-in hte cytoplasm of hte cell	75
6678635000	what are the cell's two options in cellular respiration after glycolysis is completed	-it can continue anaerobic cellular respiration -or it can switch to aerobic cellular respiration	76
6678637329	is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic	anaerobic bc no oxygen required	77
6678653918	membrane of the mitochondria	has a double membrane with intermembrane space	78
6678645350	where does cellular respiration occur after glycolysis	in the mitochondria	79
6678646915	mitochondria matrix	inner part of the inner membrane	80
6678650628	inner mitochondrial membrane	the inside membrane of the mitochondria	81
6678656592	cristae	the folds of the inner membrane	82
6681843794	outer membranne	the outer membrane of the mitochondria	83
6681849848	formation of acetyl CoA	When oxygen is present, pyruvic acid is transported to the mitochondrion, each pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl coenzyme A and CO2 is released	84
6681864033	acetyl coenzyme A	a two carbon molecule that is produced form pyruvic acid	85
6681883948	equation of the formation of acetyl coA	2pyruvic acid + 2 Coenzyme A + 2NAD+ --> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2CO2 + 2NADH	86
6681898993	transformation of carbon molecules from glycolysis to formation of acetyl coA	-one 6-carbon molecule (glucose) - two 3-carbon molecules (pyruvic acid) -two 3-carbon molecules + 2 CO2	87
6681919951	where do the two extra carbons from pyruvic acid go when acetyl coA is formed	they leave the cell in the form of CO2	88
6681922564	Krebs cycle	aka the citric acid cycle -each of the two acetyl coA molecules enter the Krebs cycle, one at a time, and all the carbons ultimately are converted to CO2	89
6681929185	where does the Krebs cycle occur	in the matrix of the mitochondria	90
6681953783	first step of the Krebs cycle	-each molecule of acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form a 6-carbon molecule, citric acid	91
6681960735	how is citric acid formed	-acetyl coA combines with oxaloacetate	92
6681964075	oxaloacetate	a four carbon molecule -combines with acetyl CoA to form citric acid at the beginning of the Krebs cycle -first molecule of the krebs cycle	93
6681993133	after the formation of citric acid, how many carbons have to be lost to keep the cycle going	2 carbons, because the cycle starts with oxaloacetate, a 4-carbon molecule, and citric acid is a 6-carbon molecule	94
6682013945	how are carbons released during the citric acid cycle	as CO2	95
6682018644	what is produced at each turn of the citric acid cycle	- 1 ATP - 3 NADH - 1 FADH2	96
6682028234	how many cycles of the krebs cycle occur for each glucose molecule in cellular respiration	2, becuase the krebs cycle starts with two acetyl coA molecules	97
6682041747	How many total ATP are made during the krebs cycle from one glucose, how many ATP are made from one glucose by the Krebs cycle (aslo glycolysis)	- 2 during krebs cycle - 4 total in krebs + glycolysis	98
6682048337	oxidative phosphorylation	-electrons are transferred from electron carriers to oxygen, resulting in ATP synthesis	99
6682053133	electron carriers	-NAD+ and FAD -they carry electrons from different stages of cellular respiration -also called hydrogen carriers	100
6682066395	electron transport chain	-energy-rich electrons are taken from the hydrogen carriers to the electron transport chain via electron carriers -hydrogen atoms are split into hydrogen ions and electrons	101
6682128532	how many loaded electron carriers have been produced during krebs, formation of acetyl coA, and glycolysis	- 2 NADH from glycolysis - 2 NADH from production of acetyl CoA -6 NADH from the Krebs cycle -2 FADH2 from the Krebs cycle =12	102
6682152596	what happens to the hydrogens and electrons from the electron carriers in the electron transport chain	-hydrogen atoms are split into hydrogen ions and electrons	103
6682157551	equation of splitting hydrogen atoms during electron transport chain	H2 --> 2H+ + 2e-	104
6682165502	what is the electron transport chain made of	a series of protein carrier molecules that are embedded in the cristae and the the inner membrane of hte mitochondria	105
6682170731	where does the electron transport chain occur	in the cristae and inner membrane of the mitochondria	106
6682174503	cytochromes	-iron-containing carrier molecules in the electron transport chain	107
6682192657	what happens to electrons as they travel down the electron transport chain	each carrier molecule hands down electrons to the next molecule in the chain, until the electrons meet the final electron acceptor	108
6682200949	what is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation	oxygen	109
6682204358	what happens when oxygen combines with electrons from the electron transport chain	-oxygen , electorns, and some hydrogens combine to form WATER	110
6682213726	what is the final product of the electron transport chain (before chemiosmosis)	water	111
6682215993	chemiosmosis	happens at the same time that electrons go through the electron transport chain	112
6682239308	what happens to the split Hydrogen ions that split from the electrons	-some of the energy from the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the intermembrane space	113
6682247891	pH gradient in chemiosmosis (aka)	-the pumpin of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space creates a pH gradient -aka proton gradient	114
6682268328	where are the H+ ions when the split from the hydrogen atom	in the intermembrane space	115
6682272730	where do H+ ions have to go TO to produce ATP	to the matrix, through the inner membrane	116
6682277153	how is ATP produce by the proton pump	there is proton gradient, and the H+ molecules have to get from the low pH where there is a high H+ gradient in the intermembrane space to thte hight pH, where there is a low H+ concentration in the matrix -to do this, they have to pass through channels in the innermembrane called ATP synthase	117
6682289625	ATP synthase	-motor channel proteins in the inner membrane that allow H+ ions to go from the intermembrane space to the matrix -ADP and Pi are in the matrix (other side from H+), and the flow of protons through ATP synthase produces ATP by combining ADP an dPi on the matrix side of the channel	118
6682305650	what happens in oxidative phosphorylation	the production of ATP with ATP synthase and the H+ proton gradient	119
6682317375	how many ATPs does each NADH yeild	-each NADH produces 3 ATP -except the NADH from glycolysis only makes 2 ATP	120
6682323636	how many ATP does each FADH2 produce	2 ATP	121
6682328179	what is the total number of ATP produced during oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis	32	122
6682328180	what is the overall net production of ATP during aerobic cellular respiration	38 ATP	123
6682358187	what happens if organisms dont have oxygen to do aerobic cellular respiration	they undergo anaerobic cellular resperation	124
6682364978	why cant organisms undergo aerobic cellular respiration if there's no oxygen	because oxygen is required to be the final electron acceptor	125
6682371493	how do anaerobic organisms get energy	-they can undergo glycolysis (make 2 ATP's) -but instead of doing the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation, they do fermenttion	126
6682401728	fermentation	pyruvic acid is converted to either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and co2	127