AP Biology - Macromolecules Flashcards
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| 4869215642 | polymer | A large molecule composed of repeating structural units or monomers. |  | 0 |
| 4869215643 | monomer | A molecule of any compound that can react with other molecules of the same or different compound to form a polymer. Each biological macromolecule has characteristic monomers. |  | 1 |
| 4869215644 | carbohydrate | "Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)" |  | 2 |
| 4869215645 | protein | Class of nutrients made up of amino acids. They are needed to build and repair body structures, and to regulate processes in the body |  | 3 |
| 4869215646 | lipid | Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and store food energy until needed (Fats) |  | 4 |
| 4869215647 | nucleic acid | A biological macromolecule (DNA or RNA) composed of the elements C, H, N, O, and P that carries genetic information. |  | 5 |
| 4869215648 | amino acid | Building blocks of protein |  | 6 |
| 4869215649 | monosaccharide | A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate |  | 7 |
| 4869215650 | nucleotide | Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |  | 8 |
| 4869215651 | fatty acid | Building Blocks of Lipids |  | 9 |
| 4869215652 | macromolecule | A very large molecule (as of a protein, nucleic acid, or carbohydrate) built up from smaller chemical structures |  | 10 |
| 4869215653 | enzyme | A protein that makes a reaction happen QUICKER; decreases activation energy of a reaction. |  | 11 |
| 4869215654 | dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |  | 12 |
| 4869215655 | hydrolysis | Breaking down complex molecules (polymers) by the chemical addition of water. Used in digestion. |  | 13 |
| 4869215656 | polysaccharide | a carbohydrate that is composed of many monosaccharide units joined together |  | 14 |
| 4869215657 | glucose | A simple sugar that is an important source of energy. |  | 15 |
| 4869215658 | -ase | Used in naming enzymes |  | 16 |
| 4869215659 | -ose | What is the common ending of the name of most simple sugars? |  | 17 |
| 4869215660 | Functional group | the portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds | 18 | |
| 4869215661 | Hydroxyl | Functional group found in carbohydrates A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-OH). |  | 19 |
| 4869215662 | Carboxyl Group | -COOH Organic acids contain this functional group |  | 20 |
| 4869215663 | Amino group | A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms |  | 21 |
| 4869215664 | Active site | Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits. |  | 22 |
| 4869215665 | Substrate | A substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction. |  | 23 |
| 4869215666 | Product | A substance produced in a chemical reaction |  | 24 |
| 4869215667 | Condensation reaction | A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called dehydration reaction. | | 25 |
| 4869215668 | Carbon | non-metal that can from 4 bonds with other elements |  | 26 |
| 4869215669 | Hydrocarbon | an organic compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen |  | 27 |
| 4869215670 | Triglyceride | Circulate in the blood and are made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol. |  | 28 |
| 4869215671 | Glucose | A simple sugar that is an important source of energy. | | 29 |
| 4869215672 | Glycerol | A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils. |  | 30 |
| 4869215673 | Catalyst | A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. | | 31 |
| 4869215674 | polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds | | 32 |
| 4869215675 | macromolecule | A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules | | 33 |
| 4869215676 | organic compound | a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon |  | 34 |
| 4869215677 | disaccharide | A molecule composed of two monosaccharides. Common disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose. |  | 35 |
| 4869215678 | polysaccharide | A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis. a carbohydrate that is composed of many monosaccharide units joined together | | 36 |
| 4869215679 | monosaccharide | A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate |  | 37 |
| 4869215680 | polypeptide | A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |  | 38 |
| 4869215681 | peptide | Bonds that connect amino acids. |  | 39 |
| 4869215682 | denature | A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things). |  | 40 |
| 4869215683 | fatty acid | Building Blocks of Lipids |  | 41 |
| 4869215684 | enzyme-substrate complex | The combination of the enzyme and substrate |  | 42 |
| 4869215685 | saturated fatty acid | A fatty acid with a carbon chain full of hydrogen atoms, meaning no carbon-carbon double bonds; usually from animal sources and solid at room temperature. | | 43 |
| 4869215686 | unsaturated fatty acid | A fatty acid with a carbon chain that includes one or more carbon-carbon double bonds; usually from plant sources and liquid at room temperature. Monounsaturated fatty acids have one carbon-carbon double bond and polyunsaturated fatty acids have two or more double bonds. |  | 44 |
| 4869215687 | Protein structure | -The function of a protein depends on the protein's 3D shape |  | 45 |
| 4869215688 | Activation energy | The minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction |  | 46 |
| 4869215689 | Biochemical reaction | Chemical reactions that take place inside the cells of living things. | 47 | |
| 4869215690 | enzyme | A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing | | 48 |
| 4869215691 | active site | Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits. |  | 49 |
| 4869215692 | substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. |  | 50 |
| 4869215693 | product | A substance produced in a chemical reaction | 51 | |
| 4869215694 | catalyst | A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. | 52 | |
| 4869215695 | protein structure | the structure of a protein determines its function |  | 53 |
| 4869215696 | primary protein structure (honors only) | amino acid sequence |  | 54 |
| 4869215697 | secondary protein structure (honors only) | Areas of folding or coiling within a protein; examples include alpha helices and pleated sheets, which are stabilized by hydrogen bonding. |  | 55 |
| 4869215698 | tertiary protein structure (honors only) | intricate, 3-D shape (conformation) of a protein that is superimposed on its secondary structure; determines protein specificity |  | 56 |
| 4869215699 | quaternary protein structure | 2+ protein chains forming functional protein |  | 57 |