AP macromolecules Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images [1]
| 7318575198 | carbohydrates monomers | monosaccharides | 0 | |
| 7327080343 | monosaccharides (2) | simple 1 monomer sugars glucose | 1 | |
| 7327093366 | disaccharides (2) | 2 monomers sucrose | 2 | |
| 7327097223 | polysaccharides (3) | polymers of sugars cost little energy to build easily reversible = release energy | 3 | |
| 7327131422 | polysaccharides functions (6) | energy storage -starch (plants) -glycogen (animals) (in livers and muscles) structure -cellulose (plants) -chitin (arthropods & fungi) | 4 | |
| 7327153278 | cellulose (6) | most abundant organic compound on Earth herbivores have an evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose -have bacteria that lives in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich meals most carnivores have not evolved -thats why they eat meat to get their nutrient & energy cellulose = undigestible roughage | 5 | |
| 7327101254 | dehydration synthesis | a reaction in which water is removed to create a covalent bond or polymer from/between two monomers | 6 | |
| 7327117924 | Hydrolysis | Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water | 7 | |
| 7318656777 | carbohydrates elements | oxygen, hydrogen, carbon | 8 | |
| 7318659353 | carbohydrates function (4) | storage, structure, energy, raw materials | 9 | |
| 7327051583 | carbohydrates examples (4) | glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen | 10 | |
| 7327055596 | sugar (5) | most names for sugar ends in -ose classified by number of carbons -6C=hexose (glucose) -5C=pentose (ribose) -3C=triose (glyceraldehyde) | 11 | |
| 7318662727 | carbohydrates structure | ratio of 1:2:1 & 5 carbon ring | 12 | |
| 7318622032 | protein monomers (2) | amino acids 20 different amino acids | 13 | |
| 7318681417 | protein polymers (5) | polypeptides protein can be one or more polypeptide chains folded and bonded together large & complex molecules complex 3-D shape twisted, folded, coiled into unique shape | 14 | |
| 7318666847 | protein elements | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen | 15 | |
| 7318668120 | protein function (8) | most structurally & functionally diverse group -enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase) -structure (keratin, collagen) -carries & transports (hemoglobin, aquaporin) -cell-communication signals (insulin & other hormones) receptors -defense (antibodies) -movement (actin & myosin) -storage ( bean seeds protein) | 16 | |
| 7327309053 | protein denaturation (9) | unfolding a protein conditions that disrupt H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges. -temperature -pH -salinity alter 2° & 3° structure -alter 3-D shape destroy functionality -some protein can return to their functional shape after denaturation, many cannot | 17 | |
| 7327222882 | amino acids structure (2) | amino acids consist of a central carbon atom, an amino group, carboxyl group(acid), and an R group (side chain). The R group is a separate side chain that determines the function for the amino acids. | 18 | |
| 7327285859 | peptide bonds | Bonds between amino acids covalent bond between NH2 (amine) of one amino acid & COOH (carboxyl) of another C-N bond |  | 19 |
| 7327259488 | disulfide bridges (4) | sulfur containing amino acids form disulfide bridges -covalent cross links between sulfhydryls -stabilizes 3-D structure covalent bonds that may further reinforce the shape of a protein | 20 | |
| 7318738890 | lipids monomers (3) | no true monomers dont form polymers either. big molecules made of smaller subunits not a continues chain | 21 | |
| 7327436933 | lipids family groups (3) | fats, phospholipids, steroids | 22 | |
| 7318752613 | lipids elements | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen | 23 | |
| 7318756573 | lipids structure (2) | glycerol (3c alcohol + fatty acid) fatty acid = long HC "tail" with carboxyl (COOH) group "head" | 24 | |
| 7327555802 | long HC chain (2) | non-polar & hydrophobic | 25 | |
| 7318767542 | lipids function (3) | energy storage(2 times more than carbohydrates), cushions organ, insulates body | 26 | |
| 7327563712 | saturated fats (6) | all C bonded to H no C=C double bonds -long, straight chain -most animal fats -solid at room temperature -contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plague deposits | 27 | |
| 7327582028 | unsaturated fats (5) | C=C double bonds in the fatty acids -plants & fish fats -vegetable oils -liquid at room temperature -the kinks made by double C prevents the molecules from packing tightly together | 28 | |
| 7327609285 | phospholipids structure (2) | glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4(phosphate group) PO4 is negatively charged |  | 29 |
| 7327627642 | phospholipids in water (5) | hydrophilic heads "attracted" H2O hydrophobic tails "hide" from H2O -can assemble into "bubbles" -bubbles = "micelle" -can also form a phospholipid bilayer | 30 | |
| 7327769010 | steroids | 4 fused C rings + ?? different steroids created by attaching different functional groups to rings different structure creates different function ex) cholesterol, sex hormones | 31 | |
| 7327781247 | cholesterol (4) | important cell component animal cell membranes precursor(a substance from which another is formed, especially by metabolic reaction) of all other steroids -including vertebrates sex hormones -high levels in blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease | 32 | |
| 7318794612 | nucleic acids monomer | nucleotides | 33 | |
| 7327407353 | nucleotides structure (11) | nitrogen base (C-N ring) pentose sugar (5C) -ribose in RNA -deoxyribose in DNA phosphate (PO4) group nitrogen base in DNA - adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine double helix deoxyribonucleic acid nitrogen base in RNA -adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil single helix ribonucleic acid | 34 | |
| 7318794613 | nucleic acids elements | hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus | 35 | |
| 7318797423 | nucleic acids functions (8) | genetic material stores information -genes -blueprint for building proteins -DNA=> RNA => protein transfers information -blueprint for new cells -blueprint for next generation | 36 |