AP Biology- Plants Flashcards

6371326398	shoot system	the aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves. and flowers.	0
6371326399	root	an organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil	1
6371326400	ground tissue system	plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support	2
6371326401	vascular tissue	plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body	3
6371326402	apical meristem	embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and the buds of shoots. The dividing cells of an apical meristem enable the plant to grow in length	4
6371326403	lateral meristem	a meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems	5
6371326404	vascular cambium	a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem	6
6371326405	cork cambium	a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells.	7
6371326406	parenchyma	a relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into more differentiated cell type	8
6371326407	collenchyma	a flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth	9
6371326408	sclerenchyma	type of ground-tissue cell with an extremely thick, rigid cell wall that makes ground tissue tough and strong	10
6371326409	pectin	any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables	11
6371326410	xylem	the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels	12
6371326411	phloem	vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant	13
6371326412	lignin	a complex polymer	14
6371326413	tracheids	A water-conducting and supportive element of xylem composed of long, thin cells with tapered ends and walls hardened with lignin.	15
6371326414	vessel members	xylem cells shorter and wider than tracheids, long and tapered	16
6371326415	sieve-tube cells	cylindrical cells lacking nuclei and with perforated sides and end walls that allow the movement of phloem sap between cells	17
6371326416	companion cells	a type of plant cell that os connected to a sieve- tube element by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube elements	18
6371326417	epidermis	the dermal tissue system of non-woody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells.	19
6371326418	cuticle	a waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation that prevents desiccation in terrestrial plants.	20
6371326419	stomata	the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move	21
6371326420	guard cells	The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.	22
6371326421	periderm	the protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium	23
6371326422	pith	ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder	24
6371326423	mesophyll	specialized ground tissue that makes up the bulk of most leaves; performs most of a plant's photosynthesis	25
6371326424	taproot system	A root system common to eudicots consisting of one large, vertical root (the taproot) that produces many smaller lateral, or branch, roots.	26
6371326425	fibrous root system	fiber: a lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles	27
6371326426	vascular cylinder	central region of a root that includes the vascular tissue-xylem and phloem	28
6371326427	root cap	thimble-shaped mass of cells covering and protecting the growing tip of a root	29
6371326428	root hairs	tiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the root allowing it to absorbs more water and nurtients	30
6371326429	pericycle	the outermost layer in the vascular cylinder from which lateral roots arise	31
6371326430	endodermis	the innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder	32
6371326431	bark	all tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of the secondary phloem and layers of periderm	33
6371326432	lenticels	Small raised areas in the bark of stems and roots that enable gas exchange between living cells and the outside air.	34
6371326433	heartwood	the older inactive central wood of a tree or woody plant	35
6371326434	sapwood	newly formed outer wood lying between the cambium and the heartwood of a tree or woody plant	36
6371326435	casparian strip	a water impermeable ring of was in the endodermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls	37
6371326436	root nodules	swellings on roots; contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria	38
6371326437	mycorrhizae	symbiotic relationships between fungal hyphae and plant roots	39
6371326438	transpiration	the passage of gases through fine tubes because of differences in pressure or temperature	40
6371326439	cohesion-tension theory	cohesion: the binding together of like molecules. often by hydrogen bonds	41
6371326440	translocation	The process by which organic substances move through the phloem of a plant	42
6371326441	pressure flow theory	the best-supported theory to explain the movement of food through the phloem. A high concentration of organic substance inside cells of the phloem at a source, such as a leaf, creates a diffusion gradient that draws water into the cells. Movement occurs by bulk flow; phloem sap moves from sugar sources to sugar sinks by means of turgor pressure.	43
6371326442	flower	reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts	44
6371326443	stamen	the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament	45
6371326444	filament	in an angiosperm the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen0producing reproductive organ of a flower	46
6371326445	anther	in an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form	47
6371326446	carpel	the ovule producing organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style and ovary	48
6371326447	stigma	the sticky part of a flower's carpel, which traps pollen grains	49
6371326448	style	the stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top	50
6371326449	ovary	in flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop	51
6371326450	ovule	a structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte	52
6371326451	sepal	a modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens	53
6371326452	pollen grain	in seed pants a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall	54
6371326453	microspore	a spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male gametophyte	55
6371326454	megaspore	a spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female gametophyte	56
6371326455	pollination	the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants	57
6371326456	cotyledon	a seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo. Some species have one cotyledon, others two.	58
6371326457	fruit	a mature ovary of a flower. the fruit protects dormant seeds and often aids in their dispersal	59
6371326458	endosperm	in angiosperms a nutrients-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. the endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds	60
6371326459	vegetative growth	vegetative reproduction: cloning of plants by asexual means, One stage of plant development, production of nonreproductive leaves, stems, and roots	61
6371326460	germination	the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow	62
6371326461	imbibition	the physical adsorption of water onto the internal surfaces of structures	63
6371326462	gibberellins	any of a class of related plant hormones that stimulant growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the termination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and with auxin stimulate fruit development	64
6371326463	auxins	a term that primarily refers to indoleacetic acid (IAA), a natural plant hormone that has a variety of effects, including cell elongation, root formation, secondary growth, and fruit growth.	65
6371326464	cytokinins	any of a class of related plant hormones that retard aging and act in concert with auxin to stimulate cell division, influence the pathway of differentiation, and control apical dominance	66
6371326465	abscisic acid	a plant hormone that slows growth, often antagonizing actions of growth hormones. two of its many effects are to promote seed dormancy and facilitate drought tolerance	67
6371326466	ethylene	the only gaseous plant hormone. among its many effects are response to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening	68
6371326467	apical dominance	concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits ancillary bud growth	69
6371326468	plant tropism	A plant response in which the direction of the response is related from which the stimulus comes.	70
6371326469	gravitropism	a response of a plant or animal to gravity	71
6371326470	phototropism	growth of a plant shoot toward or away from the light	72
6371326471	thigmotropism	plant growth in response to touch	73
6371326472	photoperiodism	a physiological response to photoperiod, the relative lengths of night and day. and example of photoperiodism is flowering.	74
6371326473	long-day plants	a plant that flowers only when the light period is longer than critical length	75
6371326474	short-day plants	a plant that flowers only when the light period is shorter than a critical length	76
6371326475	day-neutral plants	a plant in which flower formation is not controlled by the photoperiod or day length	77
6371326476	abscission	a plant hormone that slows growth, often antagonizing actions of growth hormones, two of its many effects are to promote seed dormancy and facilitate drought tolerance.	78
6371326477	dormancy	a condition typified by extremely low metabolic rate and a suspension of growth and development	79