AP Psych. Unit 8 Flashcards

6079577858	developmental psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	0
6079577859	zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo	1
6079577860	embryo	the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month	2
6079577861	fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth	3
6079577862	teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm	4
6079577863	fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)	physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial mis-proportions	5
6079577864	habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner	6
6079577865	maturation	biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience	7
6079577866	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	8
6079577867	schema	a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information	9
6079577868	assimilation	interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas	10
6079577869	accommodation	the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina	11
6079577870	sensorimotor stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities	12
6079577871	object permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived	13
6079577872	preoperational stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic	14
6079577873	conservation	Ability to recognize that objects can be transformed in some way, visually or phycially, yet still be the same in number, weight, substance, or volume	15
6079577874	egocentrism	in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view	16
6079577875	theory of mind	people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict	17
6079577876	concrete operational stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events	18
6079577877	formal operational stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.	19
6079577878	autism	Autism is one of three disorders in Autism Spectrum disorder. It is related to brain abnormalities, but the cause is debated.	20
6079577879	stranger anxiety	Although many people might get anxious around strangers, this term refers to a developmental situation in which infants become anxious and fearful around strangers.	21
6079577880	attachment	Attachment can pertain to all people, regardless of age, but typically relates to the attachment between children and caregivers	22
6079577881	Critical Period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	23
6079577882	imprinting	(of a young animal) come to recognize (another animal, person, or thing) as a parent or other object of habitual trust.	24
6079577883	temperament	Temperament refers to the characteristics and aspects of personality that we are born with.	25
6079577884	basic trust	children who have secure attachments with their parents have a general sense that the world is predictable and reliable (this is basic trust)	26
6079577885	self concept	an idea of the self constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others.	27
6079577886	gender typing	. Gender typing is when children acquire these masculine and/or feminine roles and identify with these roles.	28
6079577887	social learning theory	This theory, made famous by Albert Bandura, states that social behavior (any type of behavior that we display socially) is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others.	29
6079577888	gender	the state of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones).	30
6079577889	aggression	aggression is any form of behavior that is intended to harm or injure some person, oneself, or an object.	31
6079577890	x chromosome	the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child	32
6079577891	y chromosome	the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child	33
6079577892	testosterone	testosterone is a very important male sex hormone. Although it is considered a male sex hormone, women do have it, just in lesser quantities than men.	34
6079577893	gender role	Gender role is a set of expectations held by society about the ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender.	35
6079577894	gender identity	Gender identity is one's own perception or sense of being male or female.	36
6079577895	adolescence	The developmental stage that occurs from puberty to maturity, lasting from about ages 12 to 18 (there is some debate about the exact age range, but 12-18 is a commonly accepted range)	37
6079577896	puberty	Puberty is the time period between childhood and adulthood when physical changes allow for reproduction	38
6079577897	primary sex characteristics	primary sex characteristics are body structures that are specific to sex. Females have ovaries whereas men have testes.	39
6079577898	secondary sex characteristics	These are the physical features other than reproductive orgrans that distinguish men from women. Unlike primary sex characteristics which are the main sex-specific reproductive organs (i.e., ovaries and testes), secondary sex characteristics are nonreporductive sexual characteristics such as breasts (on females) and an adam's apple on men.	40
6079577899	menarche	This is a very straight forward one - menarche is a female's first menstrual cycle...when a girl has her first "period".	41
6079577900	social identity	This theory addresses the ways in which people perceive and categorize themselves. According to social identity theory, individuals form self-conceptions that are based on two parts: 1) personal or self identity, and 2) collective identity.	42
6079577901	intimacy	This term comes from Erikson's theory of development, and refers to a person's ability form close, loving relationships, which he stated is the primary developmental task of early adulthood.	43
6079577902	emerging adulthood	Emerging adulthood is a developmental phase that spans between adolescence and adulthood.	44