AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

9740489594	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9740489595	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9740489596	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9740489597	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9740489598	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9740489599	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9740489600	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9740489601	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9740489602	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9740489603	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9740489605	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	10
9740489607	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	11
9740489608	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	12
9740489609	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	13
9740489610	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	14
9740489611	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	15
9740489612	experimental method	does show cause and effect	16
9740489613	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	17
9740489614	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	18
9740489615	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	19
9740489616	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	20
9740489617	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	21
9740489618	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	22
9740489619	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	23
9740489620	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	24
9740489621	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	25
9740489622	theory	general idea being tested	26
9740489623	hypothesis	measurable/specific	27
9740489624	operational definition	procedures that explain components	28
9740489630	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	29
9740489631	bell curve	(natural curve)	30
9740489632	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	31
9740489633	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	32
9740489634	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	33
9740489635	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	34
9740489636	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	35
9740489637	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	36
9740489828	neuron		37
9740489638	myelin sheath	protects the axon	38
9740489639	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	39
9740489640	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	40
9740489641	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	41
9740489644	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	42
9740489645	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	43
9740489646	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	44
9740489647	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	45
9740489648	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	46
9740489649	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	47
9740489650	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	48
9740489651	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	49
9740489652	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	50
9740489653	master gland	pituitary gland	51
9740489654	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	52
9740489655	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	53
9740489656	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	54
9740489657	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	55
9740489658	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	56
9740489659	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	57
9740489660	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	58
9740489661	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	59
9740489662	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	60
9740489663	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	61
9740489664	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	62
9740489665	hippocampus	process new memory	63
9740489666	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	64
9740489667	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	65
9740489668	association areas	integrate and interpret information	66
9740489669	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	67
9740489670	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	68
9740489671	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	69
9740489672	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	70
9740489673	occipital lobe	vision	71
9740489674	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	72
9740489675	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	73
9740489676	Broca's area	speaking words	74
9740489677	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	75
9740489678	sensation	what our senses tell us	76
9740489680	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	77
9740489682	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	78
9740489683	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	79
9740489685	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	80
9740489686	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	81
9740489687	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	82
9740489688	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	83
9740489689	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	84
9740489690	rods	night time	85
9740489691	cones	color	86
9740489692	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	87
9740489693	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	88
9740489694	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	89
9740489696	frequency we hear most	human voice	90
9740489697	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	91
9740489698	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	92
9740489699	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	93
9740489700	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	94
9740489701	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	95
9740489703	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	96
9740489704	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	97
9740489705	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	98
9740489706	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	99
9740489707	perception =	mood + motivation	100
9740489708	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	101
9740489709	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	102
9740489710	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	103
9740489711	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	104
9740489712	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	105
9740489713	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	106
9740489714	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	107
9740489715	insomnia	can't sleep	108
9740489716	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	109
9740489717	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	110
9740489718	night terrors	prevalent in children	111
9740489719	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	112
9740489720	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	113
9740489721	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	114
9740489723	depressants	slows neural pathways	115
9740489724	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	116
9740489725	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	117
9740489726	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	118
9740489727	stimulants	hypes neural processing	119
9740489728	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	120
9740489729	caffeine	((stimulant))	121
9740489730	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	122
9740489731	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	123
9740489732	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	124
9740489733	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	125
9740489734	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	126
9740489735	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	127
9740489736	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	128
9740489737	types of learning	classical operant observational	129
9740489738	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	130
9740489739	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	131
9740489740	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	132
9740489741	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	133
9740489742	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	134
9740489743	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	135
9740489744	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	136
9740489745	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	137
9740489746	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	138
9740489747	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	139
9740489748	operant conditioning	control by organism	140
9740489749	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	141
9740489750	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	142
9740489751	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	143
9740489752	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	144
9740489753	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	145
9740489754	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	146
9740489755	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	147
9740489756	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	148
9740489757	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	149
9740489758	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	150
9740489759	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	151
9740489760	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	152
9740489761	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	153
9740489762	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	154
9740489763	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	155
9740489764	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	156
9740489766	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	157
9740489767	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	158
9740489768	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	159
9740489769	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	160
9740489770	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	161
9740489771	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	162
9740489772	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	163
9740489773	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	164
9740489774	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	165
9740489775	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	166
9740489776	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	167
9740489777	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	168
9740489778	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	169
9740489779	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	170
9740489780	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	171
9740489781	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	172
9740489782	encoding	information going in	173
9740489783	storage	keeping information in	174
9740489784	retrieval	taking information out	175
9740489785	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	176
9740489786	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	177
9740489787	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	178
9740489788	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	179
9740489789	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	180
9740489790	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	181
9740489791	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	182
9740489792	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	183
9740489793	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	184
9740489794	implicit memory	naturally do	185
9740489795	explicit memory	need to explain	186
9740489796	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	187
9740489797	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	188
9740489798	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	189
9740489799	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	190
9740489800	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	191
9740489801	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	192
9740489802	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	193
9740489803	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	194
9740489804	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	195
9740489805	misinformation effect	not correct information	196
9740489806	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	197
9740489807	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	198
9740489808	priming	association (setting you up)	199
9740489809	context	environment helps with memory	200
9740489810	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	201
9740489811	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	202
9740489812	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	203
9740489813	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	204
9740489814	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	205
9740489815	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	206
9740489816	children can't remember before age __	3	207
9740489817	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	208
9740489818	prototypes	generalize	209
9740489819	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	210
9740489820	against problem-solving	fixation	211
9740489821	mental set	what has worked in the past	212
9740489823	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	213
9740489824	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	214
9740489825	grammar is _________	universal	215
9740489826	phonemes	smallest sound unit	216
9740489827	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	217