AP Chemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images [1]
| 4771095573 | Demokritus & Leucippos | Matter is composed of tiny indivisible objects called "Atomos". | 0 | |
| 4771098828 | What is an Atom? | An atom is the smallest fundamental particle of matter that contains its own properties. | 1 | |
| 4771101202 | Alchemists tried... | to make gold through chemistry | 2 | |
| 4771102474 | Robert Boyle | 1. first true quantitative experimenter 2. est. the idea of elements | 3 | |
| 4771103482 | Element is.. | groups of atoms with the exact same chemical properties * atoms of the same type * contains the same number of protons and electrons, but may differ in the number of neutrons | 4 | |
| 4771105465 | Georg Stahl & Joseph Priestly | 1. intensely studied combustion 2. * Priestly discovered oxygen (dephlogisticated air) | 5 | |
| 4771107208 | Antoine Lavoisier | * complete stud 1. studied chemical reactions 2. took careful measurements | 6 | |
| 4771108243 | Law of Conservation of Mass | the amount of mass in any chemical process must remain constant | 7 | |
| 4771109534 | Elementary Treatise on Chemistry | summary of all known chemical knowledge at that point in time (1789) | 8 | |
| 4771111010 | Joseph Proust | * father of analytical chemistry 1. studied the composition of elements in compounds | 9 | |
| 4771112935 | Law of Definite Proportions | the mass ratio of elements in a compound must always be constant (conversion factor) | 10 | |
| 4771113440 | John Dalton | *stimulated by Proust's work 1. Law of Multiple Proportions | 11 | |
| 4771114249 | Law of Multiple Proportions | if multiple compounds can be produced by a set of elements, the ratio of elements varies by whole numbers ** This occurs because the number of atoms, which were not yet discovered, varied by whole numbers | 12 | |
| 4771119661 | Dalton's Atomic Theory (Hard Sphere Theory) | the modern description of matter States: * all matter is composed of hard indestructible spheres called atoms *atom of the same elements are the same while atoms of different elements differ in a fundamental way. * chem. compounds are produced when atoms of diff. atoms combine in specific mass ratios unique to the compound * chem. reactions occur when atoms are reorganized and rebound with no changes in the atoms themselves - est. first table of atomic masses (most were wrong) | 13 | |
| 4771125542 | atomic mass | relative mass of an element measured in AMU's | 14 | |
| 4771126844 | AMU | atomic mass units (1/12 mass of a carbon-12 isotope) | 15 | |
| 4771127391 | Joseph Gay-Lussac | 1. studied volume changes associated with gaseous chemical reactions under constant conditions * used law of def. prop. & law of mult. prop. 2. observed that gases react in specific ratio | 16 | |
| 4771132670 | Amedeo Avagadro | ** Avagadro's Hypothesis 1. used Gay -Lussac's data and Law of Def. Prop. to predict that the volume of a gas must be directly related to the number of particles in said gas | 17 | |
| 4771135232 | 1 mole = | 22.4 L @ STP /// 6.02 x 10^23 /// 1 AMU | 18 | |
| 4771136366 | JJ Thomson | 1. idea of an atom made sense from previous work of other scientists 2. studied cathode rays 3. observed deflection of rays by electric & magnetic fields ** m/e = -1.766 x 10^8 c/g | 19 | |
| 4771141965 | Robert Millikan | 1. conducted oil drop experiment 2. determined mass and change of electron ** mass = 9.109 x 10^3 kg ** change = 1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs (-1 fundamental charge) | 20 | |
| 4771143816 | cathode | negative charge, attracts cations | 21 | |
| 4771144110 | anode | positive charge, attracts anions | 22 | |
| 4771144613 | Ernest Rutherford | 1. conducted Gold Foil Experiment 2. discovered * atoms are mainly empty space * they have a massive center * they are positively charged | 23 | |
| 4771146065 | Nuclear Model | Atoms are composed of mainly empty space with a small positively charged center called a nucleus, surrounded by negatively charged electrons | 24 | |
| 4771147156 | Modern Atom | the identity of atoms are determined by the number of protons ( atomic # ( Z #) ) | 25 | |
| 4771149110 | Mass Number | sum of all nucleons ( protons & neutrons) | 26 | |
| 4771150532 | isotope | atoms of the same element with differing mass numbers * same number of protons but a different number of neutrons | 27 | |
| 4771152472 | electrons... | determine all chemical properties * found outside nuceus * ignorable mass *-1 charge | 28 | |
| 4771155691 | Atomic Mass | weighted average mass of all isotopes in an element * Fractional Abundance (mass #) + FA + FA... | 29 | |
| 4771156935 | Isotopic Symbol | * write symbol of element * place atomic # in lower Left side * top left corner is mass number * number of neutrons = protons - electrons | 30 | |
| 4771158337 | Isotopic Name | * write element name * place hyphen/dash * write mass # | 31 | |
| 4771159176 | compounds are... | chemical combinations of two or more elements | 32 | |
| 4771160094 | Imperical formula | chemical formula that gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound * lowest terms | 33 | |
| 4771160932 | Molecular formula | chemical formula that gives the exact number of atoms present in each compound | 34 | |
| 4771162428 | Model | Simplified presentation of something * space filling model * ball and stick | 35 | |
| 4771163473 | covalent compound | (molecular) atoms are held together by electrons being "shared" within overlapped outer shells * formed between non-metals * identified by 1st element being a non-metal - naming: > first element keeps name >second elements root gets -ide ending > use Greek prefixes to indicate the number of atoms present ** Never place mono on the first element ** | 36 | |
| 4771166975 | ionic compound | compound held together by electrostatic attractions getting between oppositely charged ions | 37 | |
| 4771167970 | ion | variation of an element/atom | 38 | |
| 4771168729 | atoms are... | electrically charged due to the gain or loss of electrons | 39 | |
| 4771169445 | +/- | gaining - losing + | 40 | |
| 4771170347 | polyatomic ions... | keep their original name | 41 | |
| 4771170543 | polyatomic cations... | keep their metal name * divalent cations must be specifically named (ous/ic) | 42 | |
| 4771171960 | monoatomic ions | have an -ide suffix added to nonmetal roots | 43 | |
| 4771180153 | Cations & Names | H+ Hydrogen Li + Lithium Na + Sodium K + Potassium Cs + Cesium Be 2+ Beryllium Mg 2+ Magnesium Ca 2+ Calcium Ba 2+ Barium Al 3+ Aluminum | 44 | |
| 4771189354 | Anions & Names | H- Hydride F- Fluoride Cl - Chloride Br - Bromide I - Iodide O 2- Oxide S 2- Sulfide N 3- Nitride P 3- Phosphide | 45 | |
| 4771197922 | Common Type 2 Cations | Fe 3+ / Fe 2+ Cu 2+ / Cu + Co 3+ / Co 2+ Sn 4+ / Sn 2+ Pb 4+ / Pb 2+ Hg 2+ / Hg2 2+ (Mercury I) Ag + Zn 2+ Cd 2+ | 46 | |
| 4771203828 | Polyatomic Ions |  | 47 |