AP Biology- Plants Flashcards

9557221597	shoot system	the aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves. and flowers.	0
9557221598	root	an organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil	1
9557221599	ground tissue system	plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support	2
9557221600	vascular tissue	plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body	3
9557221601	apical meristem	embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and the buds of shoots. The dividing cells of an apical meristem enable the plant to grow in length	4
9557221602	lateral meristem	a meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems	5
9557221603	vascular cambium	a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem	6
9557221604	cork cambium	a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells.	7
9557221605	parenchyma	a relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into more differentiated cell type	8
9557221606	collenchyma	a flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth	9
9557221607	sclerenchyma	type of ground-tissue cell with an extremely thick, rigid cell wall that makes ground tissue tough and strong	10
9557221608	pectin	any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables	11
9557221609	xylem	the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels	12
9557221610	phloem	vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant	13
9557221611	lignin	a complex polymer	14
9557221612	tracheids	A water-conducting and supportive element of xylem composed of long, thin cells with tapered ends and walls hardened with lignin.	15
9557221613	vessel members	xylem cells shorter and wider than tracheids, long and tapered	16
9557221614	sieve-tube cells	cylindrical cells lacking nuclei and with perforated sides and end walls that allow the movement of phloem sap between cells	17
9557221615	companion cells	a type of plant cell that os connected to a sieve- tube element by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube elements	18
9557221616	epidermis	the dermal tissue system of non-woody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells.	19
9557221617	cuticle	a waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation that prevents desiccation in terrestrial plants.	20
9557221618	stomata	the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move	21
9557221619	guard cells	The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.	22
9557221620	periderm	the protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium	23
9557221621	pith	ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder	24
9557221622	mesophyll	specialized ground tissue that makes up the bulk of most leaves; performs most of a plant's photosynthesis	25
9557221623	taproot system	A root system common to eudicots consisting of one large, vertical root (the taproot) that produces many smaller lateral, or branch, roots.	26
9557221624	fibrous root system	fiber: a lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles	27
9557221625	vascular cylinder	central region of a root that includes the vascular tissue-xylem and phloem	28
9557221626	root cap	thimble-shaped mass of cells covering and protecting the growing tip of a root	29
9557221627	root hairs	tiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the root allowing it to absorbs more water and nurtients	30
9557221628	pericycle	the outermost layer in the vascular cylinder from which lateral roots arise	31
9557221629	endodermis	the innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder	32
9557221630	bark	all tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of the secondary phloem and layers of periderm	33
9557221631	lenticels	Small raised areas in the bark of stems and roots that enable gas exchange between living cells and the outside air.	34
9557221632	heartwood	the older inactive central wood of a tree or woody plant	35
9557221633	sapwood	newly formed outer wood lying between the cambium and the heartwood of a tree or woody plant	36
9557221634	casparian strip	a water impermeable ring of was in the endodermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls	37
9557221635	root nodules	swellings on roots; contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria	38
9557221636	mycorrhizae	symbiotic relationships between fungal hyphae and plant roots	39
9557221637	transpiration	the passage of gases through fine tubes because of differences in pressure or temperature	40
9557221638	cohesion-tension theory	cohesion: the binding together of like molecules. often by hydrogen bonds	41
9557221639	translocation	The process by which organic substances move through the phloem of a plant	42
9557221640	pressure flow theory	the best-supported theory to explain the movement of food through the phloem. A high concentration of organic substance inside cells of the phloem at a source, such as a leaf, creates a diffusion gradient that draws water into the cells. Movement occurs by bulk flow; phloem sap moves from sugar sources to sugar sinks by means of turgor pressure.	43
9557221641	flower	reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts	44
9557221642	stamen	the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament	45
9557221643	filament	in an angiosperm the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen0producing reproductive organ of a flower	46
9557221644	anther	in an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form	47
9557221645	carpel	the ovule producing organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style and ovary	48
9557221646	stigma	the sticky part of a flower's carpel, which traps pollen grains	49
9557221647	style	the stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top	50
9557221648	ovary	in flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop	51
9557221649	ovule	a structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte	52
9557221650	sepal	a modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens	53
9557221651	pollen grain	in seed pants a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall	54
9557221652	microspore	a spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male gametophyte	55
9557221653	megaspore	a spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female gametophyte	56
9557221654	pollination	the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants	57
9557221655	cotyledon	a seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo. Some species have one cotyledon, others two.	58
9557221656	fruit	a mature ovary of a flower. the fruit protects dormant seeds and often aids in their dispersal	59
9557221657	endosperm	in angiosperms a nutrients-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. the endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds	60
9557221658	vegetative growth	vegetative reproduction: cloning of plants by asexual means, One stage of plant development, production of nonreproductive leaves, stems, and roots	61
9557221659	germination	the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow	62
9557221660	imbibition	the physical adsorption of water onto the internal surfaces of structures	63
9557221661	gibberellins	any of a class of related plant hormones that stimulant growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the termination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and with auxin stimulate fruit development	64
9557221662	auxins	a term that primarily refers to indoleacetic acid (IAA), a natural plant hormone that has a variety of effects, including cell elongation, root formation, secondary growth, and fruit growth.	65
9557221663	cytokinins	any of a class of related plant hormones that retard aging and act in concert with auxin to stimulate cell division, influence the pathway of differentiation, and control apical dominance	66
9557221664	abscisic acid	a plant hormone that slows growth, often antagonizing actions of growth hormones. two of its many effects are to promote seed dormancy and facilitate drought tolerance	67
9557221665	ethylene	the only gaseous plant hormone. among its many effects are response to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening	68
9557221666	apical dominance	concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits ancillary bud growth	69
9557221667	plant tropism	A plant response in which the direction of the response is related from which the stimulus comes.	70
9557221668	gravitropism	a response of a plant or animal to gravity	71
9557221669	phototropism	growth of a plant shoot toward or away from the light	72
9557221670	thigmotropism	plant growth in response to touch	73
9557221671	photoperiodism	a physiological response to photoperiod, the relative lengths of night and day. and example of photoperiodism is flowering.	74
9557221672	long-day plants	a plant that flowers only when the light period is longer than critical length	75
9557221673	short-day plants	a plant that flowers only when the light period is shorter than a critical length	76
9557221674	day-neutral plants	a plant in which flower formation is not controlled by the photoperiod or day length	77
9557221675	abscission	a plant hormone that slows growth, often antagonizing actions of growth hormones, two of its many effects are to promote seed dormancy and facilitate drought tolerance.	78
9557221676	dormancy	a condition typified by extremely low metabolic rate and a suspension of growth and development	79