AP Psychology Unit 7 Flashcards

5876513300	Memory	The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information.	0
5876517800	Encoding	the processing of information into the memory systems	1
5876519235	Storage	the process of retaining encoded information over time	2
5876520470	Retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage	3
5876522262	Parallel Processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously	4
5876523190	Sensory Memory	the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system	5
5876524530	Short-Term Memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly	6
5876525844	Long-Term Memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system	7
5876532087	Working Memory	a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory	8
5876533682	Explicit Memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."	9
5876534899	Effortful Processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort	10
5876537661	Automatic Processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings	11
5876537662	Implicit Memory	retention independent of conscious recollection	12
5876540732	Iconic Memory	a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli	13
5876541891	Echoic Memory	a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli	14
5876543528	Chunking	organizing items into familiar, manageable units	15
5876544466	Mnemonics	memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices	16
5876546816	Spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice	17
5876548169	Testing Effect	enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information	18
5876551496	Shallow Processing	encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words	19
5876552583	Deep Processing	encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention	20
5876554004	Flashbulb Memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event	21
5876556706	Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)	an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation	22
5876558549	Recall	a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learning earlier	23
5876560062	Recognition	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned	24
5876561302	Relearning	a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again	25
5876562413	Priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory	26
5876564855	Mood Congruent Memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood	27
5876566814	Serial Position Effect	our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list	28
5876577064	Recency Effect	briefly recalling the last items in a list especially quickly and well	29
5876578496	Primacy Effect	Recalling the first items in the list quickly and well	30
5876582117	Anterograde Amnesia	an inability to form new memories	31
5876583622	Retrograde Amnesia	an inability to retrieve information from one's past	32
5876585079	Proactive Interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information	33
5876586167	Retroactive Interference	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information	34
5876587331	Repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories	35
5876588848	Misinformation Effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event	36
5876590570	Source Amnesia	attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined	37
5876592528	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	38
5876592529	Prototype	a mental image or best example of a category	39
5876593285	Creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	40
5876596332	Convergent Thinking	narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution	41
5876597574	Divergent Thinking	expands the number of possible problem solutions	42
5876597575	Algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem	43
5876598440	Heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently	44
5876599670	Insight	a sudden realization of a problem's solution	45
5876601002	Confirmation Bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	46
5876601003	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	47
5876601940	Intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning	48
5876605081	Representative Heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to match particular prototypes	49
5876607414	Availability Heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory	50
5876610311	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they are formed has been discredited	51
5876611344	Framing	the way an issue is posed	52
5876612864	Language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	53
5876612865	Phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	54
5876614548	Morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning	55
5876616766	Grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	56
5876616767	Semantics	the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds	57
5876618348	Syntax	the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences	58
5876619896	Babbling Stage	the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	59
5876622202	One-Word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2	60
5876623755	Two-Word Stage	the stage in speech development from about age 2	61
5876629332	Telegraphic Speech	early speech state in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs	62
5876630571	Aphasia	impairment of language	63
5876632522	Broca's Area	controls language expression	64
5876632523	Wernicke's Area	controls language reception	65
5876636917	Linguistic Determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	66