AP Psychology - Chapter 18 Flashcards

6691465839	Social Psychology	The scientific study of how people think about, interact with, influence, and are influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of other people. EX: Washing your hands before you eat because its was influenced before dinner everyday. Relevance: The study of Sociology.	0
6691465840	Attribution Theory	A theory that supposes that one attempts to understand the behavior of others by attributing feelings, beliefs, and intentions to them. EX: If someone cuts the line during black Friday shopping you automatically assume they are selfish, and rude and it makes you angry. Relevance: The studies of attribution theory were produced by Fritz Heider.	1
6691465841	Fundamental Attribution Theory	The tendency to use a dispositional (internal) explanation without considering the situational (external) factors that might be influencing the behavior of someone else. EX: Seeing a homeless person and assuming they are a drunk and that is why they are homeless. Relevance: Jones and Harris (1967)	2
6691465842	Foot-In- the door Phenomenon	Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request EX: Asking your parents for a bike hoping when they say yes to a small request you ask for a larger request such as a car. Relevance: This technique is used most commonly with psychological experiments.	3
6691465843	Cognitive Dissonance Theory	the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. Ex: A common college student who regularly drives while intoxicated. When hearing that drinking and driving is dangerous for his or her health and others around them , the student might (1) state that he never drives more than a mile from the local bar, (2) the student may consider how much a taxi is and how much they will is saving by driving himself or (3) Just accept that his behavior is dangerous and stop driving drunk Relevance: Leon Festinger's	4
6691465844	Conformity	Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Ex: Say your friends and you are going to dinner and a movie everyone wants chili's but you want olive garden, you just agree by adjusting your thoughts to the groups thoughts. Relevance: Sheriff's experiment (1936)	5
6691465845	Normative Social Influence	Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. Ex: Having all name brands like Micheal Kors Relevance: Solomon Asch	6
6691465846	Informational Social Influence	Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. Ex: Seek out experts, or look at others behaviors Relevance:	7
6691465847	Social Facilitation	Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others; the tendency to perform better when a person knows he is being watched. Ex: Someone who plays soccer Relevance:	8
6691465848	Social Loafing	The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. Ex: Group work in school Relevance:	9
6691465849	Deindividuation	The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Ex: Riots at sports games. Relevance:	10
6691465850	Group Polarization	The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. Ex: Political Debates. Relevance:	11
6691465851	groupthink	The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. Ex: sororities and fraternities. Relevance:	12
6691465852	Prejudice	A rigid attitude that is based on group membership and predisposes an individual to feel, think or act in a negative way toward another person or group. Ex: Muslims after 9/11 Relevance:	13
6691465853	Stereotype	A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. Ex: Policeman like donuts. Relevance:	14
6691465854	Discrimination	Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group. Ex: Separate but equal. Relevance:	15
6691465855	In-group	A group with which an individual shares identity and feels loyalty towards. Ex: Field Hockey vs Soccer Relevance:	16
6691465856	Out-group	A group with which an individual does not identify and may feel competition/hostility towards. Ex: Relevance:	17
6691465857	In-group Bias	Tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group. Ex: Relevance:	18
6691465858	Scapegoat Theory	The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. Ex: Hitler to the Jews Relevance:	19
6691465859	Just- World Phenomenon	The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Ex: If a woman is raped, is it her fault Relevance:	20
6691465860	Aggression	Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. Ex: Relevance:	21
6691465861	Frustration- Aggression Principle	the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression. Example: Luis's computer crashes just as he is about to finish writing a 10-page paper that he hadn't saved along the way. In his frustration at losing all that work, he throws his stapler across the room, breaking his window. Ex: Relevance:	22
6691465862	Conflict	A struggle between two opposing forces. Ex: Relevance:	23
6691465863	Social Trap	A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. Ex: Watering your lawn during a drought because who else is going to do it, right? Relevance:	24
6691465864	Mere Exposure Effect	The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. Ex: Advertisements Relevance:	25
6691465865	Passionate Love	An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. Ex: Relevance:	26
6691465866	Companionate love	The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. Ex: Relevance:	27
6691465867	equity	A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. Ex: Relevance:	28
6691465868	Self-disclosure	Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. Ex: Relevance:	29
6691465869	Altruism	Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. Ex: Relevance:	30
6691465870	Bystander effect	The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. Ex: Relevance:	31
6691465871	Social exchange theory	The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Ex: Relevance:	32
6691465872	reciprocity norm	An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. Ex: Relevance:	33
6691465873	Social-responsibility Norm	An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. Ex: Relevance:	34
6691465874	Superordinate Goals	Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. Ex: Relevance:	35
6691465875	GRIT	Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. Ex: Relevance:	36