Ap Biology Chapter 42 Flashcards

4882944151	Closed circulatory system	Blood is confined to vessels and separate from interstitial fluid	0
4882988439	Capillary beds	Networks of capilaries where chemical exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid occurs	1
4883023733	Cardiac cycle	Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart	2
4883028346	Sytole	contraction of the heart	3
4883030081	Diastole	Relaxation of the heart	4
4883032072	Stroke volume	The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction.	5
4883036291	Cardiac output	The volume of blood pumped per minute (This depends on both heart rate and stroke volume)	6
4883059130	Atrioventricular valves	Valves that separate each ventricle and atrium and prevent back flow of blood	7
4883078432	Semilunar Valves	Controls blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery	8
4883084421	Heart murmur	The back flow of blood through a defective valve	9
4883090390	Sinoatrial node	The "pacemaker," This sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract	10
4883099300	Atrioventricular node	The impulses from the SA node travel here and then to the heart cells	11
4883110170	Electrocardiogram	A machine that records the impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle	12
4883118031	Endothelium	The epithelial layer that lines blood vessels	13
4883130563	Pulse	The rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heart beat	14
4883134584	Systolic pressure	The pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole (It is the highest pressure in the arteries)	15
4883144093	Diastolic pressure	The pressure in the arteries during diastole (It is lower than systolic pressure)	16
4883151687	Vasoconstriction	The contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls (Increases blood pressure)	17
4883158467	Vasodilation	The relaxation of smooth muscles in the arterioles (Decreases blood pressure)	18
4883166473	Endothelin	A peptide that is an important inducer in vasoconstriction	19
4883175397	120mmHg	The blood pressure for a healthy 20 year old at sytole	20
4883181020	70mmHg	The blood pressure for a healthy 20 year old at diastole	21
4883185859	Fainting	Caused by inadequate blood flow to the head	22
4883198984	Lymphatic system	Returns fluid that leaks out in the capillary beds	23
4883204639	Lymph	Fluid that reenters the circulation directly at the venous end of the capillary bed and indirectly through the lymphatic system	24
4883217063	Lymph nodes	Organs that filter lymph and play an important role in the body's defense	25
4883221145	Edema	Swelling caused by distributions in the flow of lymph	26
4883226424	Plasma	A liquid matrix that suspends the several kinds of cells that make up blood (It is 90% water)	27
4883235816	Platelets	A third cellular element are fragment cells that are involved in clotting	28
4883242882	Erythrocytes	Red blood cells (These are the most numerous blood cells)	29
4883250093	Hemoglobin	The iron containing protein that transports oxygen	30
4883251631	Leukocytes	White blood cells, There are 5 kinds: Monocytes, Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, and Lymphocytes	31
4883274171	Fibrin	The converted form of fibrinogen by a cascade of complex reactions to form a clot	32
4883284962	Thrombus	A blood clot that is formed within a blood vessel	33
4883291933	Erythropoietin	A hormone that erythrocytes produce when oxygen delivery is low	34
4883298599	Stem cells	The source that is common within the production of Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets	35
4883317804	Atherosclerosis	A cardiovascular disease caused by the build up of plaque deposits within arteries	36
4883321173	Heart attack	The death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from the blockage of one or more coronary arteries	37
4883326949	Stroke	The death of nervous tissue in the brain due to the rupture or blockage of arteries in the head	38
4883337694	Low-density Lipoproteins	"Bad Cholesterol" These are associated with plaque formation	39
4883343112	High-density Lipoproteins	"Good Cholesterol" These help lower the deposition of cholesterol	40
4883352041	Gas exchange	Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes of carbon dioxide	41
4883355831	Hypertension	High blood pressure that promotes atherosclerosis and increases the chance of heart attack and stroke	42
4883361844	Partial pressure	The pressure exerted by particular gas in a mixture of gases	43
4884538680	Ventilation	Moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface	44
4884544859	Countercurrent exchange	Blood flows in the opposite direction of the water passing over the gills	45
4884547830	Surfactants	Secretions that cover the alveoli	46
4884570071	Breathing control centers	Occurs in the medulla oblongata and the pons	47
4884578266	Negative pressure breathing	Breathing by pulling air into the lungs	48
4884582614	Tidal volume	The volume of air inhaled with each breath	49
4884585554	Vital capacity	The maximum tidal volume	50
4884591906	Residual volume	The amount of air left in the lungs after exhaling	51
4884598825	Respiratory pigment	Proteins that transport oxygen (these greatly increase the amount of oxygen the blood can carry)	52
4884607857	Bohr shift	CO₂ produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O₂	53
4884621173	Myoglobin proteins	Proteins that can store oxygen	54
4898185218	Right atrium	What is indicated by the yellow arrow	55
4898250789	Right ventricle	What is indicated by the yellow arrow	56
4898288771	Left atrium	What is indicated by the yellow arrow	57
4898303538	Left ventricle	What is indicated by the yellow arrow	58