AP Psychology Cognition Flashcards

6394356714	memory	any system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information	0
6394356715	information-processing model	cognitive understanding of memory emphasizing how information is changed	1
6394356716	encoding	one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves modification of information	2
6394356717	storage	one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves retention of encoded material over time	3
6394356718	retrieval	one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves location and recovery of information	4
6394356719	eidetic imagery	especially clear form of memory; "photographic memory"	5
6394356720	sensory memory	preserves brief sensory impressions of stimuli	6
6394356721	short-term memory (STM)	preserves recently perceived events for less than a minute	7
6394356722	long-term memory (LTM)	largest memory capacity and duration; stores material organized by meaning	8
6394356723	chunking	organizing pieces of information into smaller, more meaningful units	9
6394356724	maintenance rehearsal	information is repeated or reviewed to keep from fading in working memory	10
6394356725	elaborative rehearsal	information is actively reviewed and related to information already in LTM	11
6394356726	acoustic encoding	conversion of information to sound patterns	12
6394356727	levels-of-processing theory	information that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful items in long-term memory will be remembered better	13
6394356728	procedural memory	stores memories for how things are done	14
6394356729	declarative memory	stores facts	15
6394356730	episodic memory	stores memory for personal events	16
6394356731	semantic memory	stores general knowledge, including meanings of words	17
6394356732	anterograde amnesia	inability to for memories for new information	18
6394356733	consolidation	process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories	19
6394356734	retrograde amnesia	inability to remember information previously stored in memory	20
6394356735	flashbulb memory	clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful event	21
6394356736	implicit memory	memory that was not deliberately learned	22
6394356737	explicit memory	memory that has been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled	23
6394356738	retrieval cues	stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness	24
6394356739	priming	technique for curing implicit memories tha provides cues to stimulate a memory without awareness of the connection	25
6394356740	recall	retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information	26
6394356741	recognition	retrieval method in one must identify present stimuli as being previously presented	27
6394356742	mood-congruent memory	memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one's mood	28
6394356743	forgetting curve	graph plotting amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material	29
6394356744	proactive interference	cause of forgetting in which previously stored information prevents learning and remembering new information	30
6394356745	retroactive interference	cause of forgetting by which newly learned information prevents retrieval of previously stored material	31
6394356746	suggestibility	memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion	32
6394356747	misinformation effect	distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformaiton	33
6394356748	expectancy bias	a tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one's expectations	34
6394356749	self-consistency bias	commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our beliefs and ideas than we actually are	35
6394356750	persistence	memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind	36
6394356751	mnemonics	techniques for improving memory by making connections between new material and information already in LTM	37
6394356752	method of loci	mnemonic device that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations	38
6394356753	language acquisition device (LAD)	biologically organized mental structure that facilitates learning of language because (according to Chomsky) it is innately programmed with grammatical rules	39
6394356754	grammar	rules of a language, specifying how to use stuff to make other stuff make sense	40
6394356755	morphemes	meaningful units of language that make up words	41
6394356756	overregularization	applying a grammatical rule too widely and creating incorrect forms	42
6394356757	concepts	mental representations of categories of items or ideas based on experience	43
6394356758	prototype	ideal or most representative example of a conceptual category	44
6394356759	concept hierarchies	levels of concepts in which a more general level includes more specific concepts	45
6394356760	schema	knowledge luster or general conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics, events, objects, people, etc.	46
6394356761	algorithms	problem-solving procedures or formulas	47
6394356762	heuristics	cognitive strategies or "rules of thumb" used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks	48
6394356763	mental set	tendency to respond to a new problem in the strategy used for a previous problem	49
6394356764	functional fixedness	inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose	50
6394356765	hindsight bias	tendency, after learning about an event, to "second guess" that one could have predicted the events	51
6394356766	anchoring bias	faulty heuristic caused by basing an estimate on an unrelated quantity	52
6394356767	representativeness bias	faulty heuristic based on the presumption that once people or events are categorized, they share all the features of other members in that category	53
6394356768	availability bias	faulty heuristic that estimates probabilities on information that can be recalled	54
6394356769	distributed learning	technique where learner spaces learning sessions over time	55
6394356770	overlearning	startegy when the learner continues to study and rehearse the material after it has been brought to mastery	56
6394356771	working memory	combines STM and LTM	57
6394356772	Insight	a sudden realization of a solution	58
6394356773	confirmation bias	only paying attention to things that confirm your belief	59
6394356774	phonemes	the smallest individual sounds in a language	60
6394356775	automatic processing	encoding of information with little to no effort	61
6394356776	effortful processing	encoding of information in which a lot of work is needed	62
6394356777	deep processing	encoding of information with a large amount of understanding	63
6394356778	shallow processing	encoding of information that does not included a much understanding	64
6394356779	iconic memory	momentary visual processing	65
6394356780	echoic memory	momentary auditory processing	66
6394356781	state-dependent memory	retrieval of information when a person is in the same state of consciousness	67
6394356782	rehearsal	the repetition of information	68
6394356783	serial position effect	retrieving information most effectively from the beginning and the end	69
6394356784	constructed memory	memories that are distorted	70
6394356785	source amnesia	the inability to retrieve where information was learned from	71