AP Argument Terms Flashcards

5874092148	Argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence; synonymous with a claim	0
5874094766	Assertion	an emphatic statement; declaration	1
5874119869	Bias	prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue	2
5874098133	Claim	an assertion, usually supported by evidence	3
5874110738	Concede	a reluctant acknowledgement or yielding	4
5874103305	Counterargument	a challenge to a position; an opposing argument	5
5874140344	Inference	a conclusion reached based on logical evidence and reasoning	6
5874115946	Refute	to discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument	7
5874118043	Rebuttal	a refutation, or a contradiction	8
5874109071	Thesis	the central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	9
7249309763	Logic	the use and study of valid reasoning	10
7249310399	Rhetoric	the study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion"	11
7249312249	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; an appeal to character; used to establish trust and credibility	12
7249313809	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic	13
7249315791	Pathos	A Greek term referring to "suffering" or "pity"; an emotional appeal	14
7249318405	Rhetorical appeals	ethos, logos, and pathos; when used in a balanced form, they create a sound argument	15
7249320562	Analogy	comparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification; metaphors and similes are specific types	16
7249322490	Deductive reasoning	the process of reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logically certain conclusion; synonymous with syllogism; general to specific	17
7249324591	Inductive reasoning	reasoning in which the premises seek to supply strong evidence for (not absolute proof of) the truth of the conclusion; specific to general	18
7249327101	Premise	a proposition supporting or helping to support a conclusion; in logic, an argument requires at least two of these before reaching the conclusion	19
7249330184	Propaganda	information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view	20
7249332325	Syllogism	Greek for "conclusion," or "inference"; A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion	21
7282576601	Logical Fallacy	common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument	22
7282589488	Begging the Question	a logical fallacy in which the writer simply restates the claim in a different way (also called a circular argument)	23
7282594745	Enthymeme	an argumentative statement in which the writer or the speaker omits one of the major or minor premises, does not clearly pronounce it, or keeps the premise implied; however, the omitted premise in the statement remains understandable even if not clearly expressed	24
7282599448	Equivocation	a half-truth, or a statement that is partially correct but that purposefully obscures the entire truth	25
7282600997	False Analogy	an argument based on misleading, superficial, or implausible comparisons	26
7282603671	Hasty Generalization	drawing faulty conclusions based on insufficient evidence	27
7282605852	Non Sequitur	arguments that do not follow a logical sequence. The conclusion doesn't logically follow the explanation. An important logical step may be missing in such a claim	28
7282616575	Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc	arguments that assume a faulty causal relationship. One event following another in time does not mean that the first event caused the later event	29
7327017719	Ad hominem	Latin for "to the man"; an argument in which the speaker attacks an opponent's motives or character rather than the policy or position he/she maintains	30
7327020626	False Authority	a tactic used by many writers, especially in advertising, asking audiences to agree with the assertion of the writer based simply on his/her character or the authority of another person or institution who may not be fully qualified to offer that assertion	31
7327027353	Straw man	an argument based on misrepresentation of the opponent's argument in order to defeat him/her	32
7327031840	Bandwagon (ad populum)	argument that encourages an audience to agree with the writer because everyone else is doing so	33
7327035156	Either/or reasoning OR False dilemma	when the writer reduces an argument or issue to only two possible courses of action and ignores any alternatives (only two ways to view the issue; black and white; no gray)	34
7327038860	Invective or Polemic	"attack with words" or "warlike, hostile"; insulting, abusive or highly critical language; can be directed at a person, idea, concept, or system; name-calling	35
7327045936	Red herring	an argument used to refer to something that misleads or distracts from the relevant or important issue	36
7327049135	Slippery slope	an argument that suggests that one step in the wrong direction will inevitably lead to more negative steps	37