AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

8967701089	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
8967701090	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
8967701091	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
8967701092	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
8967701093	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
8967701094	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
8967701095	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
8967701096	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
8967701097	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
8967701098	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
8967701099	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
8967701100	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
8967701101	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
8967701102	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
8967701103	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
8967701104	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
8967701105	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
8967701106	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
8967701107	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
8967701108	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
8967701109	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
8967701110	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
8967701111	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
8967701112	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
8967701113	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
8967701114	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
8967701115	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
8967701116	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
8967701117	theory	general idea being tested	28
8967701118	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
8967701119	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
8967701120	mode	appears the most	31
8967701121	mean	average	32
8967701122	median	middle	33
8967701123	range	highest - lowest	34
8967701124	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
8967701125	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
8967701126	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
8967701127	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
8967701128	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
8967701129	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
8967701130	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
8967701131	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
8967701132	neuron		43
8967701133	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
8967701134	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
8967701135	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
8967701136	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
8967701137	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
8967701140	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	49
8967701141	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	50
8967701142	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	51
8967701143	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	52
8967701144	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	53
8967701145	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	54
8967701146	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	55
8967701147	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	56
8967701148	endocrine system	Uses hormones in the blood system	57
8967701149	master gland	pituitary gland	58
8967701150	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	59
8967701154	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	60
8967701155	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	61
8967701156	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	62
8967701158	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	63
8967701161	hippocampus	process new memory	64
8967701162	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	65
8967701163	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	66
8967701164	association areas	integrate and interpret information	67
8967701166	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	68
8967701167	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	69
8967701168	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	70
8967701169	occipital lobe	vision	71
8967701170	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	72
8967701171	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	73
8967701172	Broca's area	speaking words	74
8967701173	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	75
8967701175	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	76
8967701176	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	77
8967701177	top-down processing	brain to senses	78
8967701178	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	79
8967701179	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	80
8967701180	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	81
8967701181	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	82
8967701182	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	83
8967701183	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	84
8967701185	sensory adaptation	No longer notice something	85
8967701186	rods	night time	86
8967701187	cones	color	87
8967701188	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	88
8967701199	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	89
8967701200	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	90
8967701201	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	91
8967701203	perception is your what?	mood + motivation	92
8967701204	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	93
8967701205	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	94
8967701208	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	95
8967701209	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	96
8967701210	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth/repair	97
8967701211	insomnia	can't sleep	98
8967701212	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	99
8967701213	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	100
8967701214	night terrors	wake up screaming and have no idea why	101
8967701217	purpose of dreaming	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	102
8967701219	depressants	slows neural pathways	103
8967701220	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	104
8967701221	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	105
8967701222	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	106
8967701223	stimulants	hypes neural processing	107
8967701224	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	108
8967701225	caffeine	((stimulant))	109
8967701226	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	110
8967701227	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	111
8967701228	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	112
8967701229	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	113
8967701230	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	114
8967701231	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	115
8967701232	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	116
8967701233	types of learning	classical operant observational	117
8967701234	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	118
8967701235	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	119
8967701236	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	120
8967701237	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	121
8967701238	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	122
8967701239	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	123
8967701240	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	124
8967701241	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	125
8967701242	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	126
8967701243	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	127
8967701244	operant conditioning	control by organism	128
8967701245	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	129
8967701246	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	130
8967701247	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	131
8967701248	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	132
8967701249	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Punch card)	133
8967701250	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lot)	134
8967701251	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	135
8967701252	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	136
8967701253	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	137
8967701254	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	138
8967701255	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	139
8967701257	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	140
8967701258	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	141
8967701260	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	142
8967701262	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	143
8967701263	Bobo doll experiment legacy	see good: do good see evil: do evil	144
8967701264	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	145
8967701265	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	146
8967701266	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	147
8967701272	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	148
8967701273	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	149
8967701274	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	150
8967701275	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	151
8967701276	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	152
8967701277	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	153
8967701278	encoding	information going in	154
8967701279	storage	keeping information in	155
8967701280	retrieval	taking information out	156
8967701281	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	157
8967701282	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	158
8967701284	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	159
8967701286	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	160
8967701287	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	161
8967701288	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	162
8967701289	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	163
8967701290	implicit memory	naturally do	164
8967701291	explicit memory	need to explain	165
8967701292	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	166
8967701293	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	167
8967701294	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	168
8967701295	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	169
8967701296	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	170
8967701297	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	171
8967701299	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	172
8967701300	if we can't remember a memory...	change memory to suit us/fill in the blanks with logical story	173
8967701301	misinformation effect	not correct information	174
8967701302	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	175
8967701304	priming	setting you up	176
8967701305	context	environment helps with memory	177
8967701306	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	178
8967701307	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	179
8967701308	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	180
8967701310	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	181
8967701311	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	182
8967701317	mental set	what has worked in the past	183
8967701318	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	184
8967701319	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	185
8967701320	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	186