AP Biology Chapter 27 Flashcards

6355123544	halobacterium	Prokaryotes that thrive in salinities that dehydrate and kill other cells - pump potassium ions into the cells until the ionic concentration inside matches the concentration outside	0
6355198729	they are able to adapt to a broad range of habitats	Why are prokayotes some of the most abundant organisms on earth?	1
6355204843	0.5-5 micrometers	How large is the diameter of the typical prokayote?	2
6355249685	cell wall	This maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment in prokaryotes	3
6355276648	cocci	Single spherical prokaryotes	4
6355278514	diplococci	Pairs of spherical prokaryotes	5
6355280747	streptococci	Chains of spherical prokaryotes	6
6355283624	staphylococci	Clusters of spherical prokaryotes	7
6355288179	bacilli	Rod-shaped prokaryotes (the single version is most common)	8
6355291245	streptobacilli	Chains of rod-shaped prokaryotes	9
6355295845	spirilla	Spiral prokaryotes that range from comma-like shapes to loose coils	10
6355300417	spirochetes	Spiral prokaryotes that are corkscrew-shaped	11
6355306474	it causes prokaryotes to lose water (and thus inhibits cell reproduction)	Why can salt be used to preserve foods?	12
6355314905	peptidoglycan	A polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides - found in bacterial cell walls	13
6355322115	gram stain	A technique where scientists can classify many bacterial species into two groups based on differences in cell wall composition (stain, rinse, and stain determines staining response)	14
6355325217	gram-positive bacteria	Bacteria that had simpler walls with relatively large amounts of peptidoglycan - traps crystal violet	15
6355327094	gram-negative bacteria	Bacteria that have less peptidoglycan located between the outer membrane and plasma membrane and are structurally more complex - easily rise out crystal violet	16
6355350742	gram-negative (lipids in outer layer)	Which type of bacteria, gram-positive or gram-negative, are more likely to be toxic?	17
6355356340	gram-negative	Which type of bacteria, gram-positive or gram-negative, are more resistant to antibiotics?	18
6355375602	capsule	A dense and well-defined layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes	19
6355377183	slime layer	Poorly organized layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes	20
6355384829	to protect against dehydration or the host's immune system	What is the purpose of a capsule/slime layer?	21
6355396894	fimbriae	Hairlike appendages that some prokaryotes use to stick to their substrate or one another	22
6355413860	pili	Appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other	23
6355425198	taxis	A directed movement toward or away from a stimulus	24
6355428926	chemotaxis	Prokaryotes that change their movement pattern in response to chemicals	25
6355440153	flagella	What probably evolved independently in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes? (because of different proteins and rotational mechanisms)	26
6355447387	motor, hook, and filament	What are the three main parts of the bacterial flagellum?	27
6355482699	exaptation	A process in which existing structures take on new functions through descent with modification	28
6355487434	a circular chromosome with fewer proteins	What is the typical genome of a prokaryote?	29
6355495833	nucleoid	A region of cytoplasm that appears lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm in electron micrographs where the chromosome is located in prokaryotes	30
6355500284	plasmids	Smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules that usually only carry a few genes	31
6355511331	binary fission	Reproduction where a single prokaryotic cell divides into 2 cells, which then divide more - many prokaryotes can divide every 1-3 hours	32
6355520199	they are small, they reproduce by binary fission, and they have short generation times	What are three key features involved with reproduction in prokaryotes?	33
6355619922	endospores	Cells that lack an essential nutrient produce these - it is a resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells (very tough)	34
6355642394	not in an evolutionary sense	Are prokaryotes inferior to humans?	35
6355658405	they reproduce so fast that even though new mutations are rare, they occur pretty often	Why is there so much genetic variation when prokaryotes reproduce asexually?	36
6355686195	genetic recombination	The combining of DNA from two sources	37
6355691708	horizontal gene transfer	The movement of genes from one organism to another when individuals are members of different species	38
6355714726	transformation	A process in which the genotype and possibly phenotype are altered by the uptake of foregin DNA	39
6355731417	recombinant	A cell that contains DNA derived from two different cells	40
6355738530	transduction	A process in which bacteriophages carry procaryotic genes from one host cell to another	41
6355760080	conjugation	A process where DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells (usually of the same species) that are temporarily joined - always one way	42
6355764446	F factor	A piece of DNA that controls a bacteria's ability to form pili and donate DNA during conjugation (could be a plasmid or within chromosome)	43
6355771110	F plasmid	The F factor in its plasmid form	44
6355774196	F+ cells	What are cells that have the F factor and function as DNA donors during conjugation called?	45
6355778746	Hfr cell	A cell with the F factor built into its chromosome	46
6355804215	R plasmids	Plasmids that carry resistance genes (resist antibiotics)	47
6355818415	phototrophs	Organisms that obtain energy from light	48
6355820417	chemotrophs	Organisms that obtain energy from chemicals	49
6355823989	autotrophs	Organisms that need only CO2 in some form as a carbon source	50
6355828689	heterotrophs	Organisms that need at least one organic nutrient	51
6355833193	obligate aerobes	Prokaryotes that need O2 for cellular respiration	52
6355847918	obligate anaerobes	Prokaryotes that are poisoned by O2	53
6355853281	anaerobic respiration	A process in which substances other than O2, such as nitrate ions or sulfate ions accept electrons at the "downhill" end of the electron transport chain and extract chemical energy	54
6355864081	facultative anaerobes	Prokaryotes that us O2 if it is present but also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration if needed	55
6355873714	nitrogen fixation	A process where atmosphereic nitrogen is converted to ammonia	56
6355883320	heterocysts	A few speciailized cells in a filament that carry out nitrogen fixation	57
6355887194	biofilms	Surface-coating colonies of different prokaryotic species - allow nutrients to reach cells in the interior and wastes to be expelled	58
6355924322	extremophiles	Archaea that live in environments so extreme that few other organisms can survive there	59
6355926452	extreme halophiles	Extremophiles that live in highly saline environments	60
6355929257	extreme thermophiles	Extremophiles that thrive in very hot environments	61
6355933253	DNA does not remain in a double helix and proteins denature	Why do the cells of most organisms die at hot temperatures?	62
6355942764	methanogens	Archaea that release methane as a byproduct of their unique ways of obtaining energy	63
6355946342	energy and methane waste	What is released when methanogens use CO2 to oxidize H2?	64
6355985897	proteobacteria	Diverse group of gram-negative bacteria that includes 5 subgroups	65
6355991276	alpha proteobacteria	A subgroup of proteobacteria that includes bacteria that are closely associated with eukaryotic hosts	66
6355999335	beta proteobacteria	A subgroup of proteobacteria that is nutrionally diverse and contains soil bacteria	67
6356007958	epsilon proteobacteria	A subgroup of proteobacteria that is mostly pathogenic to humans and other animals	68
6356013837	chlamydias	Parasites that can only survive within animal cells, are gram-negative, and cause a lot of common diseases	69
6356019656	cyanobacteria	Photoautotrophs with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis	70
6356036009	decomposers	Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes that break down dead organisms as well as waste products	71
6356046257	symbiosis	An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contant with each other	72
6356051131	mutualism	An ecological interaction between two species in which both benefit	73
6356054468	commensalism	An ecological relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not harmed or helped in any significant way	74
6356061836	parasitism	An ecological relationship in which a parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its hosts (harm but usually don't kill)	75
6356064781	pathogens	Parasites that cause disease	76
6356078577	exotoxins	Poisionous proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms	77
6356089836	endotoxins	Lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that are released only when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down	78
6356102934	bioremediation	The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water	79