APES Ch. 8 & 9 Flashcards

9814544018	Aquifers	Permeable layers of rock and sediment that contain groundwater in many small spaces.	0
9814544019	Unconfined Aquifer	Water can flow easily in and out of the aquifer. Porous rock covered by soil	1
9814544020	Confined Aquifer	Aquifers covered by an impermeable and confining layer impeding water flow in or out.	2
9814544021	Water Table	Uppermost aquifer layer where water fully saturates the rock or soil.	3
9814544022	Groundwater Recharge	Water from precipitation percolates through soil and into aquifer. If confined, can't recharge.	4
9814544023	Springs	Water from some aquifers naturally comes up, natural source of freshwater	5
9814544024	Artesian Wells	Drilled hole in a confined aquifer releases pressure and pushes water up.	6
9814544025	Cone of Depression	Area where there's no longer any groundwater, caused by well overuse, eventually will go dry.	7
9814544026	Saltwater intrusion	Lessened pressure from over-pumping so salt water infiltrates and makes well water salty.	8
9814544027	Floodplain	Land adjacent to river where excess water spreads onto.	9
9814544028	Oligotrophic	Lakes with low productivity because of little nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen.	10
9814544029	Mesotrophic	Lakes with moderate levels of productivity	11
9814544030	Eutrophic	Lakes with high levels of productivity	12
9814544031	Impermeable Surfaces	Pavement, buildings, etc. Doesn't allow water penetration, water then runs into sewers and streams. Excess water causes floods.	13
9814544032	Levee	Enlarged bank on each side of river to prevent flooding	14
9814544033	Dikes	Similar to levees but to prevent ocean waters from flooding coasts that are under sea level.	15
9814544034	Dam	Barrier that runs across a river/stream to control water flow	16
9814544035	Reservoir	Large body of water stored behind a dam. Held for consumption, generating electricity, flood control, or recreation.	17
9814544036	Fish Ladders	Sets of stairs with water flowing over them to have fish migrate despite dams.	18
9814544037	Aqueducts	Canals or ditches used to carry water between locations. Transports water to dry areas.	19
9814544038	Desalination	Removes salt from salt water to make fresh water.	20
9814544039	Distillation	Desalination method. Seawater flows in, heated to create steam, cool seawater in condensing coil causes steam to condense. Brine and fresh water then flows out.	21
9814544040	Reverse Osmosis	Desalination method. Seawater flows in, pressure applied, water goes through semipermeable membrane, salt can't. Water and brine flows out.	22
9814544041	Hydroponic Agriculture	Cultivation under greenhouse conditions with roots in nutrient rich solution, and not soil.	23
9814544042	Oceanic Plates	Lie underneath ocean. Dense and rich in iron	24
9814544043	Subsurface Mining	Tunnels within mountain where people go in.	25
9814544044	Placer Mining	Process of looking for metals and precious stones in river sediments	26
9814544045	Mountaintop Removal	Miners remove entire top of a mountain with explosives	27
9814544046	Open pit mining	Create large pit or hole in ground to mine	28
9814544047	Mining Spoils/Tailings	Unwanted waste material created during mining.	29
9814544048	Strip Mining	Minerals close to the surface, remove soil and rock to expose them, then return unwanted waste material.	30
9814544049	Metals	Elements with properties that conduct electricity and heat	31
9814544050	Ores	Economically valuable concentrated accumulations of minerals.	32
9814544051	Soil Degradation	Loss of some or all of the ability of soils to support plant growth.	33
9814544052	Cation Exchange Capacity	Ability of a soil to absorb and release cations. Determined by clay. Higher is better, but higher decreases porosity, therefore, there's a tradeoff.	34
9814544053	Texture of soil	Determined by percentage of sand, silt, and clay	35
9814544054	C Horizon	Least weathered. Most similar to parent material	36
9814544055	B Horizon	Mineral material, little organic matter	37
9814544056	E Horizon	Leaches organic acids from above layers to B where they accumulate	38
9814544057	A Horizon	Topsoil. Organic material and minerals	39
9814544058	O Horizon	Top layer. Organic horizon and detritus.	40
9814544059	Parent Material	Rock material underlying a soil	41
9814544060	Soil	Mix of geologic and organic components	42
9814544061	Deposition	Accumulation or depositing of eroded material	43
9814544062	Erosion	Physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem	44
9814544063	Acid Precipitation	Acid rain. Sulfur Dioxide reacts with water vapor to form sulfuric acid in rain.	45
9814544064	Chemical Weathering	Breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions and dissolving of a rocks chemical elements. Alters newly exposed/primary minerals to make secondary minerals.	46
9814544065	Physical Weathering	Mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals. Water, wind, or temp. Plants or burrowing animals can contribute. Exposing more surface area and makes more vulnerable to more erosion.	47
9814544066	Metamorphic Rocks	Other rick types subjected to high temps and pressure causing physical and chemical changes. Pressure creates distorted bands called foliation.	48
9814544067	Sedimentary Rocks	Form by sediments like muds, sands, and gravels compressed by overlying sediments. Can be uniform or different. Contains the most fossils.	49
9814544068	Fractures	Cracks caused by stress after cooling	50
9814544069	Igneous Rocks	Forms directly from magma. Classified by composition and mode of formation	51
9814544070	Minerals	Solid, Crystalline, Specific chemical structure, certain formations, uniform	52
9814544071	Rock Cycle	Constant formation and destruction of rock.	53
9814544072	Richter Scale	Measure of ground movement in an earthquake. Logarithmic scale.	54
9814544073	Epicenter	Exact point on Earth's surface directly above where rock ruptures	55
9814544074	Seismic Activity	Areas with earthquakes and fault activity	56
9814544075	Earthquakes	Rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault. Common in fault zones.	57
9814544076	Fault Zones	Large expanses of rock where movement had occurred where plates meet.	58
9814544077	Fault	Fracture in rock across which there is movement	59
9814544078	Transform Fault Boundary	Plates move sideways past each other.	60
9814544079	Convergent Plate Boundaries	Plates move towards one another. Continental + Continental= Mountains. Oceanic goes under land, forms mountains and volcanos. Oceanic goes under other oceanic.	61
9814544080	Divergent Plate Boundaries	Magma pushes up and out, making new rocks and bringing copper, lead, and silver, however it is deep under ocean.	62
9814544081	Volcano	Vent in Earth's surface. Emits ash, gas, and molten lava. Can be caused by hotspots or convergent plates.	63
9814544082	Subduction	Process of one plate passing under another.	64
9814544083	Seafloor Spreading	Oceanic plate meet continental. Oceanic pulled under continental. As other plates move apart, rising magma forms new seafloor crust.	65
9814544084	Continental Plates	Lie beneath landmasses. Contains more silicon dioxide. Plates less dense than oceanic.	66
9814544085	Tectonic cycle	Sum of the processes that build up and break up lithosphere	67
9814544086	Theory of Plate Tectonics	Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion	68
9814544087	Hot Spots	Places where molten material from the mantle reaches lithosphere. Causes volcanoes. Also helps create convection cells	69
9814544088	Lithosphere	Solid upper mantle and crust. Overlaps with upper mantle. Made of plates with thin layer of soil.	70
9814544089	Asthenosphere	Outer part of mantle. Made of semi-molten, ductile rock.	71
9814544090	Magma	Molten rock in mantle	72
9814544091	Core	1st and innermost layer. Split into inner and outer. Inner is solid, outer liquid. Made of nickel and iron.	73
9814544092	Mantle	Molten rock that slowly circulates in convection cells. 2nd layer from center.	74