Developmental Psychology (AP) Flashcards

6636205374	developmental psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan.	0
6636205375	zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo	1
6636205376	fetus	the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month	2
6636205377	habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	3
6636205378	schema	a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information	4
6636205379	assimilation	interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas	5
6636205380	accomodation	adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information	6
6636205381	sensorimotor stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities	7
6636205382	object permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived	8
6636205383	preoperational stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic	9
6636205384	conservation	the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects	10
6636205385	egocentrism	in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view	11
6636205386	theory of mind	people's ideas about their own and others' mental states--about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and behaviors these might predict	12
6636205387	concrete operational stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events	13
6636205388	formal operational stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts	14
6636205389	stranger anxiety	the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age	15
6636205390	attachment	an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation	16
6636205391	critical period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	17
6636205392	imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life	18
6636205393	temperament	a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity	19
6636205394	adolescence	the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence	20
6636205395	puberty	the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing	21
6636205396	primary sex characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible	22
6636205397	secondary sex characteristics	nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, make voice quality, and body hair	23
6636205398	identity	our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles	24
6636205399	intimacy	in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood	25
6636205400	emerging adulthood	for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood	26
6636205401	cross-sectional study	a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another	27
6636205402	longitudinal study	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time	28
6636205403	crystallized intelligence	our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age	29
6636205404	fluid intelligence	our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood	30
6636205405	cohort effect	in cross sectional studies, results may reflect differences between life experiences rather than just differences in age (cohorts)	31
6636205406	animism	during the preoperational stage, when a child gives life-like qualities to an inanimate object	32
6636205407	identity diffusion	according to Marcia, our identity diffuses to match our peers; this identity is not consistent and we are not committed to that identity	33
6636205408	identity foreclosure	according to Marcia, our identity has been established by our parents and we accept the identity/role our parents have chosen for us	34
6636205409	identity moratorium	according to Marcia, we are actively trying on various roles to figure out our identity but we have not committed to a specific identity	35
6636205410	identity achievement	according to Marica, we have explored our identity options and committed to a specific identity	36
6636205411	industry	according the Erikson, findings our strengths and talents	37
6636205412	generativity	according to Erikson, the feeling during middle adulthood that we have accomplished our goals and have something worthwhile to contribute to the next generation	38
6636205413	imaginary audience	the belief that our peers are constantly focused on us, watching us and judging our actions	39
6636205414	Piaget	created the theory of cognitive development	40
6636205415	Kolhberg	created a theory of moral development using the Heinz dilemma	41
6636205416	Erikson	created the stages of social development; only theorist to believe development continues after adolescence	42
6636205417	Ainsworth	identified different attachment styles between parents and children with the "Strange Situation" experiment	43