AP Vocab chapter 10 Flashcards

9416466860	Agribusiness	Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations	0
9416476979	Agricultural revolution	The time when humans being first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering	1
9416481917	Agriculture	The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain	2
9416491828	Aquaculture (aqua-farming)	The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions	3
9416493789	Cereal grain	A grass that yields grain for food	4
9416497198	Chaff	Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing	5
9416500669	Combine	A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grans while moving over a field	6
9416505411	Commercial agriculture	Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm	7
9416511111	Crop	Any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season	8
9416517103	Crop rotation	The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil	9
9416525449	Desertification	Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Also known as semiarid land degradation	10
9416535519	Dietary energy consumption	The amount of food that an individual consumes, measure in kilocalories	11
9416542871	Double cropping	Harvesting twice a year from the same field	12
9416545623	Food security	Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life	13
9416554680	Grain	Seed of a cereal grass	14
9416556294	Green revolution	Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers	15
9416562961	Horticulture	The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers	16
9416568368	Hull	The outer covering of a seed	17
9416572192	Intensive subsistence agriculture	A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land	18
9416578963	Milkshed	The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied	19
9416581801	Paddy	The Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah	20
9416590802	Pastoral nomadism	A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals	21
9416594803	Pasture	Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing	22
9416601517	Plantation	A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country	23
9416612086	Prime agricultural land	The most productive farmland	24
9416615283	Ranching	A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area	25
9416618930	Reaper	A machine that cuts cereal grain standing in a field	26
9416622578	Ridge tillage	A system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation	27
9416628663	Sawah	A flooded field for growing rice	28
9428905447	Shifting cultivation	A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another' each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period	29
9428915766	Slash-and-burn agriculture	Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris	30
9428931606	Spring wheat	Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer	31
9428933672	Subsistence agriculture	Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family	32
9428945739	Sustainable agriculture	Farming methods that preserve longterm productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides	33
9428953916	Swidden	A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning	34
9428957001	Thresh	To beat out grain from stalks	35
9428958874	Transhumance	The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures	36
9428967260	Truck farming	Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning "bartering" or "exchange of commodities"	37
9428974428	Undernourishment	Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity	38
9428982714	Wet rice	Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth	39
9428986941	Winnow	To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind	40
9428989008	Winter wheat	Wheat planted in the autumn and harvested in the early summer	41