AP Psychology Unit 7 Flashcards

5763101900	Memory	The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information	0
5763101901	Encoding	processing of getting information into the memory system	1
5763101902	Storage	Maintaining encoded information in memory over time.	2
5763101903	Retrieval	process by which stored information is recovered from long term memory	3
5763101904	Atkinson and Shiffrin	Information Processing Model -- to encode, store and retrieve	4
5763101906	Sensory Memory	The first stop for external events. A split second holding tank for incoming sensory information.	5
5763101907	Short Term Memory	The stage of memory where information is stored for up to 30 seconds prior to either being forgotten or transferred to long term memory.	6
5763101908	Long Term Memory	Relatively permanent and limitless storage of memory.	7
5763101909	Baddeley	a psychologist who introduced a newer understanding of short term memory that provided evidence for four components of working memory (phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the episodic buffer)	8
5763101910	Working Memory	taking in new information, processing it, and matching it to previous memories in order to make sense of it all	9
5763101911	Phonological Loop	An area of working memory that stores a limited number of sounds received from the echoic memory for up to two seconds unless information is rehearsed.	10
5763101914	Explicit Memory	Some information that we encode is put there purposefully. We are actively engaged and want to remember it	11
5763101915	Implicit Memory	Some information that we encode happens without much effort and enters into storage almost automatically	12
5763101916	Non Declarative Memory	procedural memory, classical conditioning, priming	13
5763101917	Declarative Memory	It refers to memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and events.	14
5763101918	Semantic Memory	A subdivision of declarative memory that stores general knowledge, including the meanings of words and concepts.	15
5763101920	Procedural Memory	memory for skills, including perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills required to complete tasks	16
5763101921	Primers	the activation of particular associations in memory, by a keyword or some other type of sensory input	17
5763101922	Parallel Processing	processing multiple types of information at the same time	18
5763101923	Automatic Processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meaning	19
5763101924	Effortful / Deep Processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort; (ex. studying - what you're doing right now)	20
5763101925	Shallow Processing	encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words	21
5763101927	Recall	memory is the ability to retrieve exact information learned at an earlier time	22
5763101926	Elaborate Rehearsal	Repetition that creates associations between the new memory and the existing memory	23
5763101928	Recognition	a measure of memory in which a person only needs to identify items previously learned	24
5763101929	Relearning	the principle that if you've learned something and forgot it, you probably will learn the material more easily the second time	25
5763101931	Spacing Effect	rehearsal of information with spaced breaks between sessions	26
5763101932	Ebbinhaus	The course of forgetting is initially rapid, that levels off with time	27
5763101933	Iconic Memory	The visual information that we are working with temporarily	28
5763101934	Acoustic Memory	The processing and encoding of sounds , words and other auditory input	29
5763101935	Chunking	Organizing items into smaller, more familiar and manageable units	30
5763101936	Mnemonics	learning aids, strategies, and devices that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues	31
5763101937	Acronym	Making a word from the first letters of the words that we are to remember	32
5763101938	Amygdala (Episodic Memory)	Emotional Memory- triggers stress hormones that influence memory formation	33
5763101919	Episodic Memory	A type of explicit or declarative memory that consists of personal experiences and events tied to particular times and places.	34
5763101939	Cerebellum	Processes conditioned behaviors	35
5763101940	Hippocampus (Semantic Memory)	Processes mostly factual information, names, images and spatial imagery, and verbal information	36
5763101941	Long Term Potentiation	an increase in a neuron's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory	37
5763101942	Eric Kandel	established that learning produces changes at the neuronal level, in turn facilitated by alterations in gene expression	38
5763101943	Engram	physical trace or etching of memory in the brain	39
5763101945	Frontal Lobe	key for working memory and stores explicits memories for facts and information	40
5763101946	Flashbulb Memories	detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events	41
5763101947	Eidetic Memory	photographic memory	42
5763101950	State Dependent Theory	what we learn in one emotional or physical state is sometimes more easily recalled when we are again in that same emotional state	43
5763101951	Mood Congruency	our current moods may bias our past memories	44
5763101952	Serial Position Effect	With rehearsal, be aware of your tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list	45
5763101953	Primacy Effect	Recall is strongest for items at the beginning of a list.	46
5763101954	Recency Effect	the more accurate recall of items presented at the end of a series	47
5763101955	Anterograde Amnesia	an inability to form new memories damage to the Hippocampus	48
5763101956	Henry Mollison	He had complete anterograde amnesia, some retrograde, could still implicitly learn. Hippocampus removed for seizures.	49
5763101957	Retrograde Amnesia	An inability to retrieve information from one's past.	50
5763101959	Daniel Schacter	Harvard Psychologist thatspecified seven ways in which our memories fail us (three sins of omission(forgetting), three sins of commission(distortion), one sin of intrusion.	51
5763101960	Transience	forgetting over time (Ebbinhaus)	52
5763101961	Absent Mindedness	inattention to detail leads to poor encoding, trivial storage, and often failed retrieval	53
5763101962	Blocking	A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it	54
5763101963	Retroactive Interference	occurs when new information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier	55
5763101964	Proactive Interference	occurs when something you learned earlier (an old memory) disrupts your ability to create a new memory	56
5763101965	PORN	Proactive - old info prevents you from remembering new Retroactive - new int prevents you from remembering old info	57
5763101966	Misattribution	A memory fault that occurs when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person.	58
5763101967	Source Amnesia	occurs when you attribute memories to things that you think you experienced, but in reality you incorporated things from others sources, like books or films	59
5763101968	Suggestibility	effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories	60
5763101971	Deja Vu	the eerie sense that"I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience	61
5763101972	Elizabeth Loftus	showed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as leading questions and illustrating the inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony	62
5763144433	Echoic Memory	Temporary auditory information	63
5763165089	Rehearsal	the conscious repetition of information	64
5763177815	Testing Effect	Practicing retrieval multiple times while encoding new material	65
5763192437	Acoustic Mneumonic	Acoustical encoding may also enhance the processing of other information by applying rhyme schemes, stories, songs, etc. to the information	66
5763220383	Visual Mneumonic (Method of Loci)	Visual encoding may also enhance the processing of other information	67
5763245382	Basal Ganglia (Procedural Memory)	Processes physical movements related to procedural skills	68
5763275280	Retrospective Memory	retrieving information from the past	69
5763278455	Prospective Memory	remembering to do something in the future	70
5763315387	Context Effects	the tendency to remember information better and more accurately when you are in a physical setting that is similar to the one that you learned the information in the first place	71
5763330592	Age and Decay Theory	The older we get, the less responsive the brain areas associated with encoding and retaining memory are.	72
5763355962	Repression	a basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories	73
5767602755	Misinformation Effect	a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information or questions	74
5767634743	Amnesia	severe memory loss	75
5767637473	Alzheimers	as plaques build in the brain and interfere with neural transmissions, memories cannot be formed or retrieved	76