AP Psychology - States of Consciousness Flashcards

States and consciousness vocabulary words.

5332735889	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment.	0
5332735890	biological rhythms	periodic physiological fluctuations.	1
5332735891	circadian rhythm	the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle.	2
5332735892	pineal gland	small endocrine gland that produces the serotonin derivative melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions.	3
5332735893	Stage 1 sleep	slow breathing and irregular brain waves. Very brief, may experience fantastic images resembling hallucinations, sensation of falling or floating.	4
5332735894	Stage 2 sleep	appearance of sleep spindles. Clearly asleep, but still easily awoken; about 20 minutes.	5
5332735895	sleep spindles	bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activity.	6
5332735896	Stage 3 sleep	transitional stage. Brain begins to emit slow delta waves. Hard to be woken.	7
5332735897	Stage 4 sleep	brain increasingly emits slow delta waves. About 30 minutes, hard to be woken. Children tend to wet the bed or sleepwalk during end.	8
5332735898	NREM sleep	encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.	9
5332735899	REM sleep	a recurring sleep stage during which vivid reams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleeping, because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active.	10
5332735900	alpha waves	relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.	11
5332735901	sleep	periodic, natural loss of consciousness -- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.	12
5332735902	hallucinations	false sensory experiences.	13
5332735903	delta waves	large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.	14
5332735904	insomnia	recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.	15
5332735905	narcolepsy	a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.	16
5332735906	sleep apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.	17
5332735907	night terrors	a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, these occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.	18
5332735908	dream	a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. These are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.	19
5332735909	nightmares	anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep.	20
5332735910	lucid dreams	dreams in which the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming.	21
5332735911	manifest content	according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).	22
5332735912	latent content	according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).	23
5332735913	Activation-synthesis Theory	the theory that dreams result from the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural signals that fire during sleep.	24
5332735914	REM rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).	25
5332735915	hypnosis	a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors, will spontaneously occur.	26
5332735916	posthypnotic amnesia	supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist's suggestion.	27
5332735917	posthypnotic suggestion	a suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.	28
5332735918	dissociation	a split consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.	29
5332735919	hidden observer	Hilgard's term describing a hypnotized subjects awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis.	30
5332735920	psychoactive drug	a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood	31
5332735921	tolerance	the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.	32
5332735922	withdrawal	the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.	33
5332735923	physical dependence	a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.	34
5332735924	psychological dependence	a psychological need to use a drug such as to relieve negate emotions.	35
5332735925	depressants	drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.	36
5332735926	stimulants	drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.	37
5332735927	hallucinogens	psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.	38
5332735928	barbiturates	drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement.	39
5332735929	opiates	opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.	40
5332735930	amphetamines	drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.	41
5332735931	ecstasy (MDMA)	a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.	42
5332735932	LSD	a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).	43
5332735933	THC	the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.	44
5332735934	near-death experience	an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.	45
5332735935	dualism	the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact.	46
5332735936	monism	the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.	47
5332735937	circadian rhythms	Internally generated patterns of body functions, including hormonal signals, sleep, blood pressure, and temperature regulation, which have approximately a 24-hour cycle and occur even in the absence of normal cues about whether it is day or night	48
5332735938	Disruptions to Circadian Rhythm	1. jet lag 2. night shifts	49
5332735939	Evolutionary Sleep/Dream Theory	we evolved it as part of natural selection to maximize survival. (restorative)	50
5332735940	Restorative Dream Theories	1. protein synthesis 2. maintain plasticity (memory)	51
5332735941	Stage 1 Sleep	quick sleep stage with gradual loss of responsiveness to outside, drifting thoughts, and images (the hypnagogic state). EEGs show theta waves.	52
5332735942	Stage 2 Sleep	A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles". Around 50% of sleep is Stage 2.	53
5332735943	Stage 3 Sleep	usually about 30 minutes; is transitional and leads to the fourth stage; brains starts to emit some delta waves	54
5332735944	Stage 4 Sleep	The deepest stage of NREM sleep, characterized by an EEG pattern of more than 50% delta waves.	55
5332735945	REM Sleep	rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.	56
5332735946	lucid dreaming	controlling dreams	57
5332735947	activation-synthesis theory	the theory by Robert McCarley and J. Alan Hobson that dreams result from the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural signals that fire during sleep	58
5332735948	Cognitive Reason for Dreams	dreams are the interplay of the physiological triggering of brain waves and the psychological functioning of the imagination--in other words, when we're cut off from thinking about world, we think about memories	59
5332735949	Psychoanalytic Reason for Dreams	dreams are the expression of the unconscious--manifest content hides the latent content	60
5332735950	narcolepsy	a condition in which an awake person suddenly and uncontrollably falls into REM sleep	61
5332735951	sleep apnea	when someone temporarily stops breathing during sleep--awaken the sufferer repeatedly throughout the night. cause=obstruction/collapse of air passages (obesity) cures=weight loss and sleeping on the side	62
5332735952	night terrors	childhood (often) sleep disrptions from Stage 4 sleep--bloodcurling scream and intense fear	63
5332735953	sleepwalking	aka somnambulism; (most frequently) a childhood sleep disruption, including trips from bed/complex activity. don't usually remember in morning.	64
5332735954	hypnosis	an altered state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention and characterized by heightened suggestibility and deep relaxation	65
5332735955	dissociation theory	hypnosis=individual experiencing two or more streams of consciousness that are cut off from one another. one consciousness responds to suggestions, while the other, the "hidden observer," monitors behavior.	66
5332735956	Ernest Hilgard	psychologist associated with dissociation theory	67
5332735957	"hidden observer"	one of the consciousnesses of dissociation theory--monitors behavior	68
5332735958	post-hypnotic amnesia	forgetting events of hypnosis by suggestion	69
5332735959	meditation	a set of techniques used to focus concentration away from thoughts and feelings in order to create calmness, inner peace, and tranquility.	70
5332735960	types of waves during meditation	alpha waves--like the relaxed wakefulness before sleep	71
5332735961	physiological changes of meditation	1. slowed heart rate 2. slowed breathing 3. lower blood pressure 4. warm hands--indicate activation of parasympathetic nervous system	72
5332735962	psychoactive drugs	Chemicals that pass through the blood-brain barrier into the brain to affect the nervous system and alter perception	73
5332735963	blood-brain barrier	what the psychoactive drug must pass through to enter the brain. It is made up of blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out	74
5332735964	physiological dependence	aka addiction; when someone feels an intense desire to experience the drug even with the adverse effects	75
5332735965	tolerance	decreased responsivity to a drug	76
5332735966	Types of Psychoactive Drugs:	1. depressants 2. narcotics 3. stimulants 4. hallucenogens	77
5332735967	depressants	reduce CNS's activity to relax; include: sedatives barbiturates tranquilizers alcohol	78
5332735968	sedatives	depressants taken to induce sleep and prevent siezures	79
5332735969	barbiturates	depressants that include Seconal/secobarbital and Luminal/phenobarbital	80
5332735970	tranquilizers	depressants that include benzodiazepines such as Valium, Xanax, Rohypnol ("roofies"/date rape), and quaaludes. Effects: 1. relieve anxiety 2. induce sleep 3. prevent seizures	81
5332735971	alcohol	most commonly used depressant.	82
5332735972	how alcohol works	increases transmission of GABA, decreases transmission of acetylcholine (excitatory neurotransmitter)	83
5332735973	where alcohol works (in brain)	acts at reticular formation, spinal cord, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and many neurotransmitter systems	84
5332735974	effects of alcohol	low dose=relaxation, less tension, lower inhibitions, less concetration, slower reflexes and reaction time, and poorer coordination. medium dose=slurred speech, drowsiness, and altered emotions high doses=vomiting, depression, unconsciousness, coma, or even death	85
5332735975	withdrawal symptoms of alcohol	sleep problems, hallucinations, tremors, seizures	86
5332735976	narcotics	analgesics/pain relievers that depress CNS or respiratory system. produce feelings of euphoria, relieve pain, and induce sleep. similar to endorphins chemically.	87
5332735977	types of narcotics	include: opiates and synthetic opiates--codeine, heroin, morphine, opium, Percodan, Darvon, Talwin, Dilaudid, mathadone, and Demerol	88
5332735978	stimulants	psychoactive drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that activate motivational centers of the brain, reduce activity of inhibitory centers of CNS; excite neural activity and speed up body functions; increase activity of serotonin and dopamine; used to treat narcolepsy and hyperactivity.	89
5332735979	amphetamines	stimulants; include methamphetamine, benzadrine, Ritalin, ephedrine (Ephedra), and ecstasy (MDMA); stimulate sympathetic nervous system and speed up metabolism-->alert, energetic, elated, and less of an appetite	90
5332735980	cocaine	powerfully addicting drugs that produce feelings of euphoria, excitement, strength, and reduce hunger. can cause neurological and behavioral problems (dizziness, headaches, movement problems, anxiety, insomnia, depression, hallucinations, high blood pressure, and stroke). overdose-->death	91
5332735981	hallucenogens	aka psychedelics; diverse group of psychoactive drugs that alter moods, distort perceptions, and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input (hallucinations); include: LSD/lysergic acid diethylamide, PCP/phenocyclidine, THC/marijuana, psilocybin (from mushrooms), and Peyote/mescaline.	92
5332735982	Consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment	93
5332735983	Circadian Rhythm	the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle	94
5332735984	REM Sleep	rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active	95
5332735985	Alpha Waves	the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state stage 1	96
5332735986	Sleep	periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation	97
5332735987	Hallucinations	false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus	98
5332735988	Delta Waves	the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep stages 3/4	99
5332735989	NREM Sleep	non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep	100
5332735990	Insomnia	recurring problems in falling or staying asleep	101
5332735991	Narcolepsy	a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer my lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times	102
5332735992	Sleep Apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings	103
5332735993	Night Terrors	a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered	104
5332735994	Dream	a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it	105
5332735995	Manifest Content	according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream	106
5332735996	Latent Content	according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream	107
5332735997	REM Rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)	108
5332735998	Hypnosis	a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur	109
5332735999	Posthypnotic Suggestion	a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors	110
5332736000	Dissociation	a split in consciousness, which allows some thought and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others	111
5332736001	Psychoactive Drug	a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods	112
5332736002	Tolerance	the diminishing effect with regular use of the same does of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect	113
5332736003	Withdrawal	the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug	114
5332736004	Physical Dependence	a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued	115
5332736005	Psychological Dependence	a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions	116
5332736006	Addiction	compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences	117
5332736007	Barbiturates	drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement	118
5332736008	Opiates	opium and its derivatives such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety	119
5332736009	Stimulants	drugs that excite neural activity and sped up body functions	120
5332736010	Amphetamines	drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes	121
5332736011	Methamphetamine	a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels	122
5332736012	Ecstasy (MDMA)	a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood cognition	123
5332736013	LSD	a powerful halucinogenic drug; also known as acid	124
5332736014	Hallucinogens	psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input	125
5332736015	Depressants	drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions	126
5332736016	Near-Death Experience	an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations	127
5332736017	THC	the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations	128
5332736018	stage 1	irregular brain activity caused by unrememberable moments: experiences fantasy images, resembles hallucinations, has twitches and lasts 10 minutes	129
5332736019	stage 2	is more relaxed but has burst of rapid brain activity called spindles. The individual is clearly asleep in this stage even though they can be woken up: sleeptalking is in this stage	130
5332736020	stage 3	the brain has slow delta waves which lasts for 30 minutes, the body begins to be unresponsive and the body's metabolism decreases	131
5332736021	stage 4	very difficult stage to be woken up from, the person doesn't remember the stage, sleeptalking, walking and wetters are in this stage	132
5332736022	when do dreams occur	REM	133
5332736023	4 reasons for why we need to sleep?	protection, recuperate/restore and repair brain tissue, memory, growth	134
5332736024	Preconscious	in Freud's theory, the level of consciousness in which thoughts and feelings are not conscious but are readily retrieveable to consciousness	135
5332736025	Nonconscious	the level of consciousness devoted to processes completely unavailable to conscious awareness (e.g., fingernails growing, blood flow)	136
5332736026	Psychodyanmic	Free association "saying anything that comes to mind" the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relation ships explaining behavior or in treating people with psychological problems	137
5332736027	Unconscious(Subconscious)	According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. Freud's level of mental life that consists of mental activities beyond people's normal awareness.	138
5332736028	Cognitive Psychologists	are primarily interested in thinking. That want to know how reasoning, problem solving, memory, and other mental processes relate to computer game playing. Believe unconscious processes info of which you are unaware	139
5332736029	Dual Processing	the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.	140
5332736030	Unconsciousness	the condition of not being alert or aware of your surroundings	141
5332736031	Consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment can be altered by sleep, hypnosis, mediation, and drugs	142
5332736032	Hypothalamus	A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. controls biological clock	143
5332736033	Circadian Rhythms	Internally generated patterns of body functions, including hormonal signals, sleep, blood pressure, and temperature regulation, which have approximately a 24-hour cycle and occur even in the absence of normal cues about whether it is day or night	144
5332736034	Reticular Formation	A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.	145
5332736035	Forebrain Reticular Formation Thalamus	Involved in changes in wakefulness, arousal, and attention	146
5332736036	Evolutionary Psychologists	Say that humans evolved unique waking-sleep cycle as result of natural selection that maximized chance of survival	147
5332736037	Sleep's restorative function	Protein synthesis throughout body maintaining plasticity of neural connections	148
5332736038	Plasticity of neural connections	ability to be molded essential for storing and retrieving memory	149
5332736039	Consolidation	unification; process of becoming firmer or stronger; V. consolidate: merge; strengthen putting together new memories and thoughts with old	150
5332736040	Sleep Deprivation	any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability impairs memory and immune system	151
5332736041	Sleep	periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation complex combination of states of consciousness Amount we sleep changes as we age	152
5332736042	Electroencephalogram (EEG)	reveal the brain waves change systematically throughout sleep cycles	153
5332736043	Conscious (awake)	Beta waves when alert Alpha waves when relaxed	154
5332736044	Beta Waves	Alertness	155
5332736045	Alpha Waves	Relaxed	156
5332736046	Hypnagogic State	a brief transitional stage of sleep in which one may experience hallucinations and/or the sensation of falling (Between conscious and sleep)	157
5332736047	Stage 1 Sleep	theta waves(higher in amplitude, Lower in frequency)	158
5332736048	Stage 2 Sleep	A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles." (high frequency bursts) and K complexes	159
5332736049	Stage 3 Sleep	Slow wave sleep; large-amplitude delta waves begin appearing; transition stage. Delta Waves, high amplitude, low frequency	160
5332736050	Stage 4 Sleep	The deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation. Heart rate, respiration, temperature, and blood flow to brain reduced. Secrete growth hormone	161
5332736051	Non-Rem (NREM) Sleep	Sleep Stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 that involve no rapid eye movement	162
5332736052	Order of Sleep Stages	1,2,3,4,3,2,REM	163
5332736053	REM Sleep	Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.	164
5332736054	Stage 2	50% of sleep is in this stage	165
5332736055	Deep Sleep	In support of the restorative function of sleep, many of the body's cells show increased production and reduced breakdown of proteins during .......	166
5332736056	Nightmares	Anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep.	167
5332736057	Dreaming	A mental state that usually occurs during sleep that features visual imagery REM Sleep 75% occurs in REM (longer/vivid), mental experience starts to shift to dreamlike state after stage 2	168
5332736058	Lucid Dreaming	Being aware of your dreaming and being able to control the storyline.	169
5332736059	Frued	Dreams showcase unconscious desires and reveal secrets of the unconscious part of the mind unknown to the conscious part of the mind.	170
5332736060	Manifest Content	according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream	171
5332736061	Latent Content	according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream	172
5332736062	Robert Mccarley and J Alen Hobson	Activation synthesis theory	173
5332736063	Activation synthesis Theroy	Theory that proposes that perhaps dreams are nothing more than the brains interpretations of what is happening physiologically during REM sleep.	174
5332736064	Pons	A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain Generate bursts of action potential to forebrain which is activation	175
5332736065	Cognitive view of Sleep	During sleep, info from external world is cut off. Only world that brain can model is the one from memories and experiences that can be activated by electrical impulses discharged from brain	176
5332736066	REM rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)`	177
5332736067	Insomnia	Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.	178
5332736068	Narcolepsy	A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.	179
5332736069	Sleep Apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings	180
5332736070	Night Terrors	a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered	181
5332736071	Sleepwalking	somnambulism A phenomenon primarily occurring in non-REM sleep in which people walk while asleep. Sleep stage 4	182
5332736072	Hypnosis	Altered state of consciousness characterized by deep relaxation and heightened suggestibility subjects can change aspects of reality and let the changes influence behavior	183
5332736073	Dissociation	A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. Hypnotized people might experience two or more streams of conscious cutoff from each other	184
5332736074	Ernest hilgrad	pioneering hypnosis researcher and advocate of the divided consciousness theory of hypnosis	185
5332736075	Divided Consciousness Theory of Hypnosis	a state of awareness characterized by divided attention to two or more tasks or activities performed at the same time	186
5332736076	Posthypnotic Suggestion	a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors	187
5332736077	Meditation	An intentional, self-produced state of consciousness induced by relaxing and systematically shifting attention away from day-to-day concerns. EEG's of meditators show alpha wave characteristics of relaxed awareness	188
5332736078	Physiological Changes by Meditation	lowered blood pressure indicate activation of parasympathetic nervous system increased feeling of wellbeing	189
5332736079	Psychoactive Drugs	chemicals that affect the central nervous system and alter activity in the brain can pass through the blood brain barrier to alter perception can inhibit or stimulate different regions of brain by interacting with neurotransmitters	190
5332736080	Blood Brain Barrier	The brain is protected from harmful chemicals in the blood stream by thicker walls surrounding the brains blood vessels.	191
5332736081	Tolerance	A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug. partly depends on environmental stimuli	192
5332736082	Withdrawal Symptoms	The Reaction experienced when a substance abuser stops using a drug with dependence properties intense craving for drug and effects opposite to those the drug usually induces	193
5332736083	Physiological Dependence or Addiction	a condition in which the user has a chemical need for the drug develops when changes in brain chemistry from taking the drug necessitate taking the drug again to prevent withdrawal symptoms	194
5332736084	Drug categories	Depressants Narcotics Stimulants Hallucinogens	195
5332736085	Depressants	Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions and induce relaxation	196
5332736086	Barbiturates (depressant)	drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment Secobarbital (Seconal) and phenobarbital(Luminal) sedatives taken to induce sleep and prevent seizures	197
5332736087	Tranquilizers (depressant)	Benzodiazepines Valine, Xanax, and Rohypnol(roofies DATE RAPE DRUGS) and quaaludes relieve anxiety induce sleep prevent seizure	198
5332736088	Alcohol (depressant)	most studies psychoactive drug acts at reticular formation, spinal cord cerebellum, and cerebral cortex and neurotransmitter systems increases transmission of GABA decreases Acetylcholine increases beta endorphins depresses activity of frontal lobe Withdrawal symptoms: tremors, seizures, sleep issues, nausea, hallucinations	199
5332736089	Narcotics	Specific drugs that are obtainable only by prescription and are used to relieve pain analgesics (pain reducers) depress central nervous system and respiratory system Include: Opiates and synthetic opiates like codeine, heroin, morphine, opium percodan, Darvon, talwian, demerol induces feelings of euphoria, relieve pain and induce sleep similar to endorphins	200
5332736090	Opiates	opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety physically and psychologically addictive	201
5332736091	Stimulants	Psychoactive drugs that activate motivational centers and reduce activity in inhibitory centers for central nervous system by increase activity of serotonin dopamine and norepinephrine Include: caffeine, cocaine , amphetamines, and nicotine treat hyperactivity and narcolepsy	202
5332736092	Amphetamines (stimulants)	methamphetamine benzedrine ritalin ephedra ecstacy (MDMA) stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and speed up metabolism reduce appetite	203
5332736093	Hallucinogens	psychedelics alter moods distort perceptions evoke sensory images in absence of sensory input Include LSD, PCP, THC, shrooms, and peyote	204