AP Biology Bacteria Flashcards Flashcards

4962134145	Prokaryotes	-DNA but no envelope (chromosomes in nucleoid) -no specialized organelles -unicellular -have cell walls and cell membranes -microscopic -bacteria and archaebacteria -have much less DNA than eukaryotes -short generation time--evolve quickly	0
4962405882	Fibria	allow prokaryotes to stick to host cell or other individuals in a colony	1
4962410874	Pilus	used in conjugation to connect two bacterial cells	2
4962413874	Taxis	movement either towards or away from a stimulus	3
4962420692	Flagellum	allow bacterial cells to move; consists of motor and hook	4
4962422300	Endospore	created in harsh conditions -contains the DNA from a bacterial cell (only the important stuff) -can sit dormant for a while before it gets activated again and becomes a full cell	5
4962436839	Binary Fission	the process by which prokaryotes asexually reproduce 1. DNA is replicated 2. Cell split in half 3. 2 daughter cells are produced (identical to parent cell)	6
4962453839	Genetic Recombination	the combining of DNA from two sources -genetic variation comes this ((mutations)) -is NOT cell reproduction like binary fission -prokaryotic DNA is brought together through transformation, transduction and conjugation	7
4962461765	Transformation	when a prokaryotic cell takes up and incorporates foreign DNA from the surrounding environment	8
4962466377	Transduction	the movement of genes between bacteria cells through bacteriophages -bacteriophage delivers bacteria's DNA and the ending recombinant DNA is original bacteria's DNA + ending bacteria's DNA 1. Virus inserts its DNA into original bacterial cell--viral and bacterial DNA will mix 2. Lytic or lysogenic cycle will take place--with lytic cycle, new viruses with bacterial DNA will exit original bacterial cell 3. New virus injects the V/B DNA into ending bacterial cell 4. That ending bacterial cell will have original bacterial cell's DNA (plus some viral DNA)	9
4962521856	Conjugation	the process by which genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells -donor cell attaches to recipient by a pilus, pulls it closer and transfers DNA	10
4962543329	F-Factor	a piece of DNA necessary for the production of a pilus -can come in two forms: in the plasmid or in the chromosomal DNA	11
4962547907	F-Factor in Plasmid	-cells w/ f plasmid function as donors during conjugation -f factor is transferable during conjugation--both cells end up f positive -the recipient has its own chromosomal DNA plus the donor's plasmid -F POSITIVE	12
4962558576	F-Factor in Chromosomes	-cells w/ f factor built into chromosomes act as donors during conjugation -the recipient becomes a recombinant bacterium with chromosomal from itself and the donor -F NEGATIVE but Hfr POSITIVE	13
4962595312	R Plasmid	carries genes for antibiotic resistance -resistance is always on the plasmid -r plasmid can be passed onto other cells through reproduction -antibiotics kill sensitive bacteria but cannot kill bacteria with specific R plasmids -fraction of bacteria with genes for resistance increases in a population exposed to antibiotics	14
4962643931	Bacteria	-most common shapes: spheres, rods and spirals -shape and whether gram-positive or negative determines what kind of bacteria it is -reproduce through binary fission	15
4962656563	Capsule	protects bacterial cell and helps the cell attach to other cells and surfaces -polysaccharide or protein layer -not in all bacterial cells -why they are so hard to kill	16
4962666912	Cell Wall	protects the cell and gives it the shape -made of peptidoglycan -on the outer side of cell	17
4962672301	Peptidoglycan	what makes up bacterial cell walls; network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides -amino acids and carbohydrates	18
4962677963	Cell Membrane	regulates the types of molecules that move into and out of the cell -on inner side of cell	19
4962679908	Cytoplasm	contains bacterial DNA, ribosomes	20
4962682253	Plasmid	carries genes that are transferred through genetic recombination; circular loop of DNA -not located in nucleoid region	21
4962699503	Gram-Positive Bacteria	have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan -peptidoglycan is outside layer	22
4962706617	Gram-Negative Bacteria	have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic -2 phospholipid bilayers with peptidoglycan layer in the middle (harder to reach--more likely to be antibiotic resistant)	23
4962712680	Phototroph	derives energy from light	24
4962714399	Chemotroph	derives energy from chemicals	25
4962714400	Autotroph	require carbon dioxide as a carbon source	26
4962717391	Heterotroph	require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds	27
4962720034	Pathology	study of disease -pathogens are bacteria or viruses that cause disease	28
4962722530	Exotoxins	gram-positive based ex. tetanus	29
4962724595	Endotoxins	gram-negative; lipid and carbohydrates based ex. E. coli	30
4962729672	Antibiotics	drugs that combat bacteria	31