AP psych: Developmental psychology Flashcards

5285067933	Behavior genetics	The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior	0
5285067935	environment	Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us	1
5285067937	chromosomes	Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes	2
5285067939	DNA	A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes	3
5285067941	genes	The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes	4
5285067944	genome	The complete instructions for making an organism	5
5285067947	Identical twins	Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two	6
5285067950	Fraternal twins	Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs	7
5285067953	temperament	A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity	8
5285067955	heritability	proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes	9
5285067959	interaction	Occurs when the effect of one factor depends on another factor	10
5285067961	Molecular genetics	Subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes	11
5285067963	Evolutionary psychology	Study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using natural selection	12
5285067965	Natural selection	Principle that among range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations	13
5285067967	mutation	Random error in gene replication that leads to a change	14
5285067969	gender	Biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female	15
5285067971	culture	The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next	16
5285067973	norm	An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior	17
5285067976	Personal space	The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies	18
5285067978	individualism	Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications	19
5285067980	collectivism	Giving priority to the goals of one's group which often one's extended family or work group	20
5285067984	aggression	Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone	21
5285067986	X chromosome	Sex chromosome found in both men and women	22
5285067989	Y chromosome	Sex chromosome found only in males	23
5285067993	testosterone	Most important of the male sex hormones	24
5285067995	role	Set of expectations about a social position	25
5285067999	Gender role	Set of expected behaviors for males and for females	26
5285068001	Gender identity	One's sense of being male or female	27
5285068003	Gender typing	Acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role	28
5285068005	Social learning theory	The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished	29
5285166417	zygotes	The fertilized egg Enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo	30
5285166418	embryo	The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month	31
5285166422	fetus	Developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth	32
5285166424	teratogens	Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm	33
5285166426	Fetal alcohol syndrome	Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking	34
5285166428	Rooting reflex	Baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple	35
5285166430	maturation	Biological growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior	36
5285166432	schemas	A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information	37
5285166434	assimilate	Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas	38
5285166436	accommodate	Adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information	39
5285166438	cognition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	40
5285166440	Sensorimotor stage	The stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities in Piaget's theory from birth to about 2 years	41
5285166444	Preoperational stage	The stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic in Piaget's theory from about 2 to 6 or 7 years old	42
5285166446	conservation	The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of object	43
5285166451	Theory of mind	People's ideas about their own and others' mental states	44
5285166454	Concrete operational stage	The stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events in Piaget's theory from 6 to 11	45
5285166456	Formal operational stage	The stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts in Piaget's theory beginning at the age of 12	46
5285166458	Stranger anxiety	Fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months	47
5285166460	attachment	Emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation	48
5285166462	Critical period	Optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	49
5285166464	imprinting	Process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life	50
5285166466	Basic trust	According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy, said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers	51
5285166468	self-concept	A sense of one's identity and personal worth	52
5285166470	adolescence	Transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence	53
5285166472	puberty	Period of sexual maturation where a person becomes capable of reproducing	54
5285166474	Primary sex characteristics	Body structures that make sexual reproduction possible	55
5285166476	Secondary sex characteristics	Nonreproductive sexual characteristics	56
5285166478	menarche	First menstrual period	57
5285166479	Trust vs. mistrust	Erikerison's stage: Infancy (to 1) If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust	58
5285166484	Autonomy vs. shame/doubt	Erikerison's stage: Toddlerhood (1-2) Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities	59
5285166487	Initiative vs. guilt	Erikerison's stage: Preschooler (3-5) Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent	60
5285166490	industry vs. inferiority	Erikerison's stage: Elementary (6-puberty) Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior	61
5285166493	Identity vs. role confusion	Erikerison's stage: Adolescence (teens-20s) Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are	62
5285166496	Intimacy vs. isolation	Erikerison's stage: Young adult (20s-40s) Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated	63
5285166499	Generativity vs. stagnation	Erikerison's stage: Middle adulthood (40s-60s) In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose	64
5285166502	Integrity vs. despair	Erikerison's stage: Late adulthood (60s+) When reflecting on his/her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure	65
5285241306	identity	One's sense of self Adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles	66
5285241309	intimacy	The ability to form close, loving relationships Primary development task in late adolescence and early adulthood	67
5285241312	menopause	Time of natural cessation of menstruation	68
5285241314	Alzheimer's disease	Progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning	69
5285241316	Cross-sectional studies	Study where people of different ages are compared with one another	70
5285241318	Longitudinal study	Research where same people are restudied and retested over a long period	71
5285241320	Crystallized intelligence	One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills Tend to increase with age	72
5285241323	Fluid intelligence	One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly Tends to decrease during late adult	73
5285241326	Social clock	Culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement	74
5285241328	Empty-nest syndrome	A feeling of distress focusing on a loss of purpose and relationship	75
5285262451	nature versus nutrutre	extent to which heredity and the environment each influences behavior	76
5285266734	continuity versus discontinuity	whether development is gradual, cumulative change from conception to death or a sequence of distinct stages	77
5285271574	stability versus change	whether or not personality traits present during infancy endure throughout the life span	78
5285289379	cohort-sequential study	cross-sectional groups are assessed at least two times over a span of months or years, rather than just once	79
5285299734	prenatal development	begins with fertilizations or conception, and ends with birth	80
5285323007	neonates	newborn babies	81
5285328367	sucking	automatic response of drawing in anything at the mouth	82
5285330658	swallowing	contraction of throat muscles that enables food to pass into the esophagus	83
5285334222	grasping reflex	when the infant closes his or her fingers tightly around an object put in his or her hand	84
5285338140	startle reflex	also called moro which a loud noise or sudden drop causes the neonate to automatically arch his/her limbs out, and quickly retract them	85
5285343662	habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated presentation of the same stimulus	86
5285355528	schema	mental representations that organize and categorize information processed by our brain	87
5285367587	object permanence	that objects continue to exist even when out of signt	88
5285377012	preoperational stage	language develops with the ability to think (2-7)	89
5285380596	egocentric	seeing the world from his or her own point of view	90
5285383473	animism	that all things living just like him or her	91
5285385615	artificalism	all objects are made by people	92
5285413618	internalization	absorbing information from a specified social enviornmental context	93
5285418870	zone of proximal development	range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone with difficulty and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or more-skilled children	94
5285437512	preconventional	stage where they do the right thing to avoid punishment or to further their self-interests	95
5285446339	conventional	stage where they follow rules to live up to the expectations of others or to maintain the law and order and do their duty	96
5285452352	postconventional	stage where they evidence a social contract orientation that promotes the society's welfare or evidence an ethical principle orientation that promotes justice and avoids self- condemnation	97
5285459015	social development	influence of others on the development of a person	98
5285465025	self-awareness	consciousness of oneself as a person	99
5285467361	social referenceing	observing the behavior of others in social situations to obtain information or guidance	100
5285471789	authoritarian parents	set up strict rules, expect children to follow them, and punish wrongdoing	101
5285475713	authoritative parents	set limits but explain the reasons for rules with their children and make exceptions when appropriate	102
5285479316	permissive parents	tend not to set firm guidelines if they set any at all. more responsive than demanding	103
5285484074	uninvolved parents	few demands, show low responsiveness and communicate little with their children	104
5285494825	biological persepective	difference between the sexes to heredity	105
5285496749	evolutionary perspective	perscpective that focuses on our behavioral tendencies to prepare us to survive and reproduce	106
5285500194	psychoanalytic persepctive	the perspective that focuses on how young girls learn to act feminine from their mothers, and young boys learn to act masculine from their fathers	107
5285503816	cognitive perspective	children actively engage in making meaning out of information they learn about gender	108
5285507834	gender role stereotypes	broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about males and females	109
5285511141	androgyny	presence of desirable masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual	110
5285514812	stereotype threat	anxiety that influences members of a group concerned that their performance will confirm a negative sterotype	111