AP US History Period 4: 1800 - 1848, Reform Movements Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Period 4: 1800 - 1848 Chapter 7 - 11

5588387119	Second Great Awakenings	Began in the early decades of the 19th century. Partly a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution. It affected all sections of the country, but in the northern states it touched off social reform that drove the reform movements of this period. (p. 207)	0
5588387120	market revolution	Starting in the early 19th century, this revolution produced vast economic growth. Farmers fed the workers in the cities, the cities provided farm families with an array of mass produced goods.	1
5588387121	Thomas Jefferson	He was George Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. He stressed the basic principles of constitutional government and limited central government. He appeased the Federalists by maintaining the national bank and debt repayment plan of Hamilton, carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams, reduced the size of the military. He eliminated some federal jobs, repealed excise taxes, and lowered the national debt. In 1803, he made the Louisiana Purchase from France.	2
5588387122	Battle of New Orleans	General Andrew Jackson won this battle in New Orleans against the British on January 8, 1815. The War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent two weeks earlier, but word had not yet reached the United States.	3
5588387123	Era of Good Feelings	Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republicans party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales.	4
5588387124	Jacksonian Democracy	The time period 1829 to 1837 when Andrew Jackson was president. This era was also known as the Age of the Common Man.	5
5588387125	American Indian removal	President Andrew Jackson supported the land-hungry citizens who want to take over lands held by the American Indians. In 1830, he passed the Indian Removal Act, which forced the resettlement o many thousands of American Indians. By 1835 most of the eastern tribes had reluctantly moved to an area in today's Oklahoma.	6
5588387126	Romanticism in paintings and literature - romantic movement	Evoked the wonder of the nation's landscape. The Hudson River School of painters were the most prominent. Noted authors of the period included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Washington Irving, and James Fenimore Cooper.	7
5588387127	Nullification Crisis	In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state. This was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Andrew Jackson threatened use of federal troops against South Carolina and a compromise was reached.	8
5588387128	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention.	9
5588387129	cotton gin	This machine was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown in the South and more slaves were needed to pick cotton in the fields.	10
5588387130	War Hawks	The 1810 congressional election brought a group of young Democratic-Republicans to Congress. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun they gained influence in the House of Representatives. They argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier.	11
5588387131	William Lloyd Garrison	Advocated the immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation to their owners. He was also the writer of the "Liberator."	12
5588387132	Lucretia Mott	Early feminist who advocated for women's rights and against slavery.	13
5588387133	Republican Motherhood/Cult of Domesticity	After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs.	14
5588387134	Sectionalism: The North	Largely urban population that worked in factories.	15
5588387135	Sectionalism: The South	Largely agricultural, mostly cotton from 1830-1850.	16
5588387136	Sectionalism: The West	Largely trapping and hunting, citizens lived a secluded life away from others.	17
5588387137	Democratic-Republicans	Favored the common man, weak central government, hated the National Bank, was pro-immigration, wanted slow and cautious westward expansion.	18
5588387138	Federalists	Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion.	19
5588387139	National Republicans	Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, favored internal improvements.	20
5588387140	Whigs	Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank and Internal Improvements, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion; above all else HATED Andrew Jackson.	21
5588387141	Impressment	Practice of the British navy of stealing Americans and forcing them into service in the British Navy.	22
5588387142	Treaty of Ghent	Ended the War of 1812, establish status quo antebellum.	23
5588387143	Oliver Hazard Perry	"We have met the enemy, and they are ours." Battle of Lake Erie.	24
5588387144	Frances Scott Key	Wrote the Star Spangled banner at the Battle of Fort McHenry.	25
5588387145	Monroe Doctrine	Warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.	26
5588387146	Missouri Compromise	An 1820 compromise crafted by Henry Clay, it consisted of three bills. * Admit Missouri as a slave-holding state * Admit Maine as a free state * Prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30.	27
5588387147	King Andrew	Nickname given to President Andrew Jackson when his opponents did not like his use of the veto power.	28
5588387148	Nat Turner Rebellion	In 1831, this Virginia slave led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of African American and put down the revolt.	29
5588387149	Marbury v. Madison	Established the Supreme Court's policy of judicial review.	30
5588387150	American System	Henry Clay, a leader in the House of Representatives proposed this system to advance the nation's economy. It consisted of: * Protective Tariffs: * National Bank * Internal Improvements	31
5588387151	The Lowell Mill Factory	The system that recruited young farm women to work in the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts. The were housed in company dormitories near the mills.	32
5588387152	Seneca Falls Convention	In 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances.	33
5588387153	Transcendentalists	They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Artistic expression was more important than pursuit of wealth. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement.	34
5588387154	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	In 1799, Democratic-Republican leaders passed resolutions in two state legislatures that challenged federal laws enacted by the Federalist party. The states argued that they had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level.	35
5588387155	Trail of Tears	In 1838 the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and move to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the march.	36
5588387156	Hartford Convention (1814)	In December 1814, a special convention was held due to opposition to the the War of 1812, some radical Federalist in the Northeast want to secede from the United States, but that it was rejected. However, to limit the power of the Democratic-Republicans they adopted a proposal that a two-thirds vote of both houses would be required for any future declaration of war.	37
5588387157	Panic 1837	Was a result of Jackson's defeat of the National Bank.	38
5588387158	Martin Van Buren	Became President after Andrew Jackson, won the election because of Jackson's popularity. Was faced with economic troubles.	39
5588387159	Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!	William Henry Harrison's campaign slogan.	40
5588387160	Tecumseh	"They have pushed us from the seas to the lakes, we can go no further." Advocated fighting Americans to stop westward progression and renew British alliances.	41
5588387161	The Prophet	Advocated relocation rather than fighting Americans westward progression in order to preserve remnants of Native culture.	42
5588387162	The Embargo of 1807	Cut off all US trade with the world, attempting to maintain American neutrality.	43
5588387163	Non-intercourse Act	Allowed the US to trade with any nations other than Great Britain and France	44
5588387164	Macon's Bill no. 2	Allowed the US to trade with either Great Britain or France depending on who recognized American sovereignty and neutrality first.	45
5588387165	Adams-Onis Treaty	Grave the United States Florida in exchange for taking on Spain's $5 million debt to American citizens.	46
5588387166	Old Hickory	Nickname for Andrew Jackson gained from the Battle of New Orleans.	47
5588387167	Treaty of 1818	Granted the United States join occupation of Oregon with Great Britain.	48
5588387168	Worcester v. Georgia	Supreme Court case regarding Cherokee rights to land in the United States.	49
5588387169	John Q. Adams	Elected in 1824 as a result of a bargain struck by Henry Clay.	50
5588387170	The Tariff of 1828	Increased taxes on imported goods to almost 50%; which positively effected American manufacturing.	51
5588387171	Force Bill	Permitted Andrew Jackson to organize troops to prevent South Carolina from secession.	52
5588387172	Increased Voter Turnout	-elimination of landownership, -increased news circulation, -increased education/literacy -changes to candidate selection	53
5588387173	Henry Clay	Created the Tariff of 1833 to solve the Nullification Crisis, developed the American System, Speaker of the House, Secretary of State under JQA, Whig leaders, leader of the War Hawks (face it the most awesome historical figure after the death of GW)	54
5588387174	Virginia Dynasty	Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe	55
5588387175	Results of the War of 1812	-American Nationalism -War Heroes -Death of the Federalist Party	56
5588387176	Abolitionist	A person who strongly favors doing away with slavery	57
5588387177	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.	58
5588387178	Fredrick Douglass	American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published an autobiography, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.	59
5588387179	Horace Mann	A leader of educational reform, he became the head of the Massachusetts Board Of Education in 1837; he lengthened the school year to six months, doubled teachers' salaries, and improved curriculum and teacher training	60
5588387180	Harriet Tubman	United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)	61
5588387181	Lucretia Mott	Was a Quaker, helped fugitive enslaved workers and organized the Philadelphia Female Anti- Slavery Society. Met Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the world antislavery convention in London, and organized Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.	62
5588387182	Seneca Falls Convention	A women's right convention organized in 1848 by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, two female abolitionists, in New York; they advocated women's right to vote and the right to enter all-male trades, professions, and businesses	63
5588387183	Soujourner Truth	From her home in New York she waged a constant battle for the abolition of slavery. Former slave, also a prominent figure in the fight for women's rights.	64
5588387184	Suffrage	Term that refers to the right to vote. The most controversial issue at the Seneca Fall Convention.	65
5588387185	Susan B. Anthony	A leader in the struggle for women's rights, she advocated equal pay for women, college training for girls, coeducation, and women's right to vote. She continued the suffrage movement until her death in 1906.	66
5588387186	Temperance movement	A crusade that used lectures, pamphlets, and revival-style rallies to warn people of dangers of alcohol	67
5588387187	William Lloyd Garrison	One of the first white abolitionists to call for the immediate and complete emancipation of enslaved people, he started the New England Antislavery Society in 1832 and the American Antislavery Society the next year. Founded the newspaper, The Liberator.	68
5588387188	Second Great Awakening	a religious revival that started in the early 19th century and ended in the mid 1800s. It inspired social reforms and a change in music, art, and literature.	69
5588387189	Dorothea Dix	She advocated for Asylum reform, rather than placing mentally and physically disabled persons in regular prisons	70
5588387190	Charles Finney	A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.	71
5588387191	Hudson River School	Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River	72
5588387192	Utopian communities	Idealistic and impractical communities. Who, Rather than seeking to create an ideal government or reform the world, withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world to work their miracles in microcosm, hoping to imitate the elect state of affairs that existed among the Apostles. ex) Brook Farm, Oneida, New Harmony	73
5588387193	transcendentalism	A philosophy pioneered in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.	74
5588387194	Ralph Waldo Emerson	American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom; prime example of a transcendentalist; "Nature" & "Self-Reliance"	75
5588387195	Henry David Thoreau	American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.	76
5588387196	John James Audubon	American artist who drew birds, mammals, plants, and other subjects of nature giving special attention to the relationship between animals and their habitats.	77
5588387197	James Forten	An African American business leader and abolitionist who owned a sailmaking company and was active in the Underground Railroad	78
5588387198	American Colonization Society	Organization established with the goal of transporting free blacks to a colony in Africa; founded Liberia in 1821-22	79
5588387199	Elijah Lovejoy	American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and news paper editor who was murdered by a mob for his abolitionist views	80
5588387200	Richard Allen	An African American preacher who helped start the free African society and the African Methodist Episcopal church	81
5588395443	John Marshall	created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the Supreme Court. Supported Federalists.	82
5588403812	McCulloch vs. Maryland	The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.	83
5588410030	Gibbons vs. Ogden	Only Congress can regulate interstate commerce	84
5588423474	Talmadge Amendment	amendment to MO statehood bill that would prohibit introduction of slaves into MO and provide gradual emancipation of slaves already there	85
5588444354	Cyrus McCormick	Invented the mechanical reaper	86
5588448538	National Road	The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.	87
5588452066	Seminole Wars	Indian resistance -Seminole Indians refused to leave their land. Led by Osceola fought 7 - year war against US Army 1842 finally forced moved west	88