AMSCO AP US History Chapter 22 & 21 Flashcards
AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 22 World War I and its Aftermath, 1914-1920
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| 8669448595 | Allied Powers | In World War I, Great Britain, France, and Russia were known by this name. (p. 455) |  | 0 |
| 8669448596 | Central Powers | In World War I, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire were known by this name. (p. 455) |  | 1 |
| 8669448597 | neutrality | A declaration of a country that it will not choose sides in a war. The Unites States was a neutral country at the beginning of World War I. (p. 455) |  | 2 |
| 8669448598 | submarine warfare | Germany's greatest hope against British sea power was this new type of warfare. (p. 455) |  | 3 |
| 8669448599 | Lusitania | On May 7, 1915 a British passenger ship was sunk by German torpedoes and 128 American passengers died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, and moved the country towards war. (p. 455). |  | 4 |
| 8669448600 | Sussex Pledge | In March 1916 an unarmed merchant ship, the Sussex, was sunk by the Germans. Germany made a pledge that they would not sink anymore merchant ships without warning. This kept the U.S. out of the war for a little while longer. (p. 456) |  | 5 |
| 8669448601 | propaganda | Britain controlled the daily war news that was cabled to the United States. They supplied the American press with many stories of German soldier committing atrocities. (p. 457) |  | 6 |
| 8669448602 | ethnic support | In the early part of World War I Americans supported neutrality. However, 30 per-cent were first or second generation immigrants and their support was usually based on their ancestry. (p. 456) |  | 7 |
| 8669448603 | preparedness | The United States was not prepared to fight a war and initial President Wilson resisted action. However, in late 1915 he pushed for an expansion of the armed forces. (p. 458) |  | 8 |
| 8669448604 | election of 1916 | Election between Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) and Charles Evans Hughes (Republican). Wilson won the election, his slogan was: "He kept us out of war". (p. 458) |  | 9 |
| 8669448605 | Robert LaFollette | This Congressman was one of the few who voted against the World War I declaration of war. (p. 460) |  | 10 |
| 8669448606 | Jeanette Rankin | The first woman to serve in Congress. She one of the few in Congress who voted against the World War I declaration of war. (p. 460) |  | 11 |
| 8669448607 | Edward House | In 1915, he was President Wilson chief foreign policy adviser. He traveled to London, Paris, and Berlin to negotiate a peace settlement, but was unsuccessful. (p. 459) |  | 12 |
| 8669448608 | Zimmermann telegram | In March 1917, the U.S. newspapers carried the story that Britain had intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the U.S. (p. 459) |  | 13 |
| 8669448609 | Russian Revolution | The revolution against the autocratic tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a republic in March 1917. (p. 459) |  | 14 |
| 8669448610 | declaration of war | In April 1917, President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. (p. 460) |  | 15 |
| 8669448611 | war industry boards | During World War I, they set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices. (P. 460) |  | 16 |
| 8669448612 | Food Administration | During World War I, this government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food for overseas shipment to the troops. (p. 460) |  | 17 |
| 8669448613 | Railroad Administration | During World War I, this agency took public control of the railroads to coordinate traffic and promote standard equipment. (p. 460) |  | 18 |
| 8669448614 | National War Labor Board | During World War I, former president William Howard Taft led this organization, which arbitrated disputes between workers and employers. (p. 461) |  | 19 |
| 8669448615 | taxes and bonds | President Wilson raised $33 million in two years by increasing taxes and selling Liberty Bonds. (p. 461) |  | 20 |
| 8669448616 | Selective Service Act | In 1917, this law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. Men were chosen by lottery. Eventually, 2.8 million were called by lottery, in addition to the nearly 2 million who volunteered. (p. 462) |  | 21 |
| 8669448617 | service of African Americans | In World War I, nearly 400,000 African Americans served in segregated military units. (p 462) |  | 22 |
| 8669448618 | Committee on Public Information | A propaganda organization that created numerous posters, short films, and pamphlets explaining the war to Americans and encouraging them to purchase war bonds to gain support for World War I. (p. 461) |  | 23 |
| 8669448619 | George Creel | Head of the Committee on Public Information. He persuaded the nation's artists and advertising agencies to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war. (p. 461) |  | 24 |
| 8669448620 | anti-German hysteria | During World War I, Germans were labeled as the cause of the war and targeted with negative ads and comments. (p. 461) |  | 25 |
| 8669448621 | Espionage Act | In 1917, this law imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. (p. 461) |  | 26 |
| 8669448622 | Sedition Act | In 1918, this law made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. About 1000 people were jailed because of the law, one of them was Eugene Debs. (p. 461) |  | 27 |
| 8669448623 | Eugene Debs | He was one of the founders of the Socialist party that was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Starting in 1900, he was the Socialist party's presidential nominee in five elections. Around 1920, he was sentenced to ten years in federal prison for speaking out against World War I. (p. 440, 461) |  | 28 |
| 8669448624 | Schenck v. United States | A 1919 Supreme Court case, in which the constitutionality of the Espionage Act was upheld in the case of a man who was imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to public safety. (p. 461) |  | 29 |
| 8669448625 | wartime jobs for women | As men joined the military many of their former jobs were taken by women. (p. 462) |  | 30 |
| 8669448626 | attitudes toward suffrage | Women's contribution to the war effort prompted President Wilson and Congress to support the 19th amendment. (p. 462) |  | 31 |
| 8669448627 | migration of blacks and Hispanics | During World War I, many Mexicans crossed the border to take jobs in agriculture and mining. African Americans moved to the North for new job opportunities. (p. 462) |  | 32 |
| 8669448628 | Bolsheviks withdraw | A second revolution in Russia by Bolsheviks (Communists) took it out of World War I. (p. 463) |  | 33 |
| 8669448629 | American Expeditionary Force | In the summer of 1918, hundreds of thousands of American troops went to France as members of this force under General John J. Pershing. (p. 463) |  | 34 |
| 8669448630 | John J. Pershing | U.S. general who led the American Expeditionary Force into France in World War I. (p. 463) |  | 35 |
| 8669448631 | Western front | In World War I, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allied Powers and the Central Powers battled each other. (p. 463) |  | 36 |
| 8669448632 | November 11, 1918 | On this date, Germany signed a World War I armistice in which they agreed to surrender their arms, give up much of their navy, and evacuate occupied territory. (p. 463) |  | 37 |
| 8669448633 | peace without victory | In January 1917, before the U.S. had entered the war, Woodrow Wilson said the the United States would insist on this. (p. 464) |  | 38 |
| 8669448634 | Fourteen Points | After the end of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace. It called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms, and a general association of nations. (p. 464) |  | 39 |
| 8669448635 | Wilson in Paris | In January 1919, President Wilson traveled to the World War I peace conference held at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris. (p. 464) |  | 40 |
| 8669448636 | Big Four | The term for the the four most important leaders (on the Allied side) during Word War I and at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson - United States, David Lloyd George - Great Britain, George Clemenceau - France, and Vittorio Orlando - Italy. (p. 465) |  | 41 |
| 8669448637 | Treaty of Versailles | The World War I peace conference which included the victorious Allied Powers (United States, Great Britain, and France). The defeated Germany agreed to the following terms: 1) Germany had to disarm. 2) Germany had to pay war reparations. 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing the war. 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons. 5) Germany had to accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years. 6) Territories taken from Germany: Austria-Hungary, and Russia were given their independence (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia) 7) Signers joined the League of Nations which includes Article X; that each member nation would stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of the other nations. (p. 465) |  | 42 |
| 8669448638 | self determination | In World War I, territories one controlled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allies. Applying the principle of self-determination, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and Poland; and the new nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were established. (p. 465) |  | 43 |
| 8669448639 | League of Nations | International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation. However, it was greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. (p. 466) |  | 44 |
| 8669448640 | Article X | The Treaty of Versailles required signers join the League of Nations. The League of Nations charter, Article X, called on each member nation to be ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of the other nations. (p. 465) |  | 45 |
| 8669448641 | election of 1918 | In this mid-term congressional election Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress. This was a problem for Democrat President Woodrow Wilson because he need Republican votes to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. (p. 466) |  | 46 |
| 8669448642 | Henry Cabot Lodge | In 1919, after World War I, he led a group of senators known as the "reservationists", who would accept the U.S. joining the League of Nations if certain reservations were added to the agreement. The United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations. (p. 466) |  | 47 |
| 8669448643 | Irreconcilables | In 1919, senators who voted against the Treaty of Versailles because it required the United States to join the League of Nations. (p. 466) |  | 48 |
| 8669448644 | Reservationists | In 1919, senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made. They were led by Henry Cabot Lodge. (p. 466) |  | 49 |
| 8669448645 | Wilson's stroke | President Woodrow Wilson went on a speaking tour to rally public support for the Treaty of Versailles which required joining the League of Nations. In September 1919, he collapsed after delivering a speech in Colorado. He returned to Washington and a few days later suffered a massive stroke from which he never recovered. (p. 466) |  | 50 |
| 8669448646 | rejection of treaty | The Treaty of Versailles required the U.S. to join the League of Nations. It was never ratified by Congress. (p. 466) |  | 51 |
| 8669448647 | recession, loss of jobs | In 1921, the U.S. plunged into recession and 10 percent of the workforce was unemployed. (p. 467) |  | 52 |
| 8669448648 | falling farm prices | After World War I, European farm product came back on the market, farm prices fell, which hurt farmers in the United States. (p. 466) |  | 53 |
| 8669448649 | Red Scare | After World War I, anti-communist hysteria caused this phenomenon. (p. 467) |  | 54 |
| 8669448650 | anti-radical hysteria | After World War I, xenophobia, (intense or irrational dislike of foreign people) increased. This lead to restrictions of immigration in the 1920s. (p. 467) |  | 55 |
| 8669448651 | Palmer raids | Prompted by a series of unexplained bombings, in 1920, this operation was coordinated by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer. Federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organizations in many cities. (p. 467) |  | 56 |
| 8669448652 | xenophobia | Intense or irrational dislike of foreign peoples. (p. 467) |  | 57 |
| 8669448653 | strikes of 1919 | Major strike in Seattle where 60,000 unionists held a peaceful strike for higher pay. Boston police went on strike to protest firing of police officers who tried to unionize and Governor Calvin Coolidge sent in National Guard. U.S. Steel Corporation had a strike, after considerable violence, the strike was broken by state and federal troops. (p. 467) |  | 58 |
| 8669448654 | Boston police strike | Officers went on strike to protest the firing of a few officers because they tried to unionize. (p. 467) |  | 59 |
| 8669448655 | race riots | The migration of African Americans to the north led to rioting in East St. Louis and Chicago, where 40 people were killed. (p. 467) |  | 60 |
| 8669448656 | urban middle class | Most Progressives were urban middle-class men and women. They included: doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, office workers, and middle managers. (p. 432) |  | 61 |
| 8669448657 | male and female | The Progressive were composed of both men and women. (p. 432) |  | 62 |
| 8669448658 | white, old stock Protestants | Native-born, their churches preached against vice and taught social responsibility. (p. 432) |  | 63 |
| 8669448659 | professional associations | Groups of individuals who share a common profession and are often organized for common political purposes related to that profession. (p. 432) |  | 64 |
| 8669448660 | Pragmatism | In the early 20th century this philosophy focused on using a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. They encouraged experimentation to find solutions that would produce a well-functioning democratic society. (p. 433) |  | 65 |
| 8669448661 | William James | In the early 20th century, he was an advocate of the new philosophy of pragmatism. He argued that people should take a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. (p. 433) |  | 66 |
| 8669448662 | John Dewey | He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. (p. 433) |  | 67 |
| 8669448663 | Frederick W. Taylor | An engineer who sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management, especially time-management studies. (p. 433) |  | 68 |
| 8669448664 | scientific management | A management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operation, then find ways to minimize the time needed to complete the work. (p. 433) |  | 69 |
| 8669448665 | Henry Demarest Lloyd | In 1894, he wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth". He attacked the practices of Standard Oil and the railroads. (p. 434) |  | 70 |
| 8669448666 | Standard Oil Company | An oil trust with control of many oil refinery companies, which created a monopoly in the oil industry. (p. 434) |  | 71 |
| 8669448667 | Lincoln Steffans | He wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which described in detail the corruption that characterized big-city politics. (p. 434) |  | 72 |
| 8669448668 | Ida Tarbell | A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1902 series "The History of the Standard Oil Company". (p. 434) |  | 73 |
| 8669448669 | Jacob Riis | In 1890, he wrote "How The Other Half Lives", which showed the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. (p. 434) |  | 74 |
| 8669448670 | Theodore Dreiser | An American author who wrote "The Financier" and "The Titan", novels which portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist. (p. 434) |  | 75 |
| 8669448671 | Australian ballot | A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890. (p. 435) |  | 76 |
| 8669448672 | direct primary | A nominating process where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office. (p. 435) |  | 77 |
| 8669448673 | Robert La Follett | In 1903, this Progressive Wisconsin Governor introduced a new system which allowed the voters to directly choose party candidates (direct primary), rather than being selected by party bosses. (p. 435) |  | 78 |
| 8669448674 | Seventeenth Amendment | In 1913, this constitutional amendment was passed. It required that all U.S. senators be elected by a popular vote. (p. 435) |  | 79 |
| 8669448675 | direct election of senators | In 1899, Nevada became the first state to elect U.S. senators directly. Previously state legislatures had chosen them. (p. 435) |  | 80 |
| 8669448676 | initiative, referendum, and recall | Amendments to state constitutions made changes to politics. An initiative allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislature to the voters in a general direct election. A referendum is the method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval. A recall allowed voters to remove a politician from office before their term was completed. (p. 435) |  | 81 |
| 8669448677 | municipal reform | City bosses and their corrupt alliance with local businesses such as trolley lines and utility companies were targeted for reform by Progressives. (p. 436) |  | 82 |
| 8669448678 | Samuel M. Jones | This Toledo mayor used "Golden Rule" as his middle name. He instituted free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds. (p. 436) |  | 83 |
| 8669448679 | Tom L. Johnson | This Cleveland mayor devoted himself to the cause of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares. He fought for public controlled city utilities and services, but failed. (p. 436) |  | 84 |
| 8669448680 | commission plan | A city's government would be divided into several departments, which would each be placed under the control of an expert commissioner. (p. 436) |  | 85 |
| 8669448681 | city manager plan | Legislation designed to break up political machines and replace traditional political management of cities with trained professional urban planners and managers. (p. 436) |  | 86 |
| 8669448682 | Charles Evans Hughes | In New York, he battled fraudulent insurance companies. (p. 436) |  | 87 |
| 8669448683 | Hiram Johnson | In California, he fought against the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad. (p. 436) |  | 88 |
| 8669448684 | Wisconsin Idea | A series of Progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions. (p. 436) |  | 89 |
| 8669448685 | regulatory commissions | Progressives created state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, and business such as insurance. (p. 436) |  | 90 |
| 8669448686 | state Prohibition laws | By 1915, two-thirds of the states had passed these laws which prohibited the sale of alcohol. (p 437) |  | 91 |
| 8669448687 | National Child Labor Committee | They proposed child labor laws which were adopted by many of the states. (p. 437) |  | 92 |
| 8669448688 | compulsory school attendance | Many states passed laws, which made it mandatory for children to go to public schools. (p. 437) |  | 93 |
| 8669448689 | Florence Kelley | She was a reformer who promoted state laws which protected women from long working hours. (p. 437) |  | 94 |
| 8669448690 | National Consumers' League | This organization was formed in the 1890's, under the leadership of Florence Kelly. They attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions. (p. 437) |  | 95 |
| 8669448691 | Lochner v. New York | A 1905, this Supreme Court case ruled against a state law that limited workers to a ten-hour workday. (p 437) |  | 96 |
| 8669448692 | Muller v. Oregon | A 1908 Supreme Court case, it ruled that women needed special protection against working long hours. (p. 437) |  | 97 |
| 8669448693 | Triangle Shirtwaist fire | In 1911, a high-rise garment factory burned, killing 146 people, mostly women. (p. 437) |  | 98 |
| 8669448694 | Square Deal | Economic policy by President Theodore Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers. (p. 438) |  | 99 |
| 8669448695 | anthracite coal miners' strike 1902 | Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike for an increase in pay and a shorter working day. When the mine owners refused to negotiate, President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to seize control of the mines. A compromise was finally agreed upon. (p. 438) |  | 100 |
| 8669448696 | trust-busting | President Theodore Roosevelt broke up the railroads and Standard Oil by using the Sherman Antitrust Act. (p. 438) |  | 101 |
| 8669448697 | bad vs. good trusts | President Theodore Roosevelt did make a distinction between breaking up "bad trusts", which harmed the public and stifled competition, and regulating "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated a market. (p. 438) |  | 102 |
| 8669448698 | Elkins Act | This 1903 act allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers. (p. 438) |  | 103 |
| 8669448699 | Hepburn Act | This 1906 act tightened existing railroad regulation. It empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records. (p. 438) |  | 104 |
| 8669448700 | Uptown Sinclair; "The Jungle" | He wrote "The Jungle" which described the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry. (p. 438) |  | 105 |
| 8669448701 | Pure Food and Drug Act | This 1906 act forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. (p. 438) |  | 106 |
| 8669448702 | Meat Inspection Act | This 1906 act provided federal inspectors to visit meatpacking plants to insure that they met sanitation standards. (p. 439) |  | 107 |
| 8669448703 | conservation of public lands | President Theodore Roosevelt's most original and lasting contribution in domestic policy may have been his efforts to protect the nation's natural resources. (p. 439) |  | 108 |
| 8669448704 | Newlands Reclamation Act | A 1902 act that provide public land for irrigation projects in western states. (p. 439) |  | 109 |
| 8669448705 | White House Conference of Governors | A conference at the White House which publicized the need for conservation. (p. 439) | 110 | |
| 8669448706 | Gifford Pinchot | First head of the U.S. Forest Service under President Theodore Roosevelt (p. 439) |  | 111 |
| 8669448707 | Socialist Party of American | This third party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Their platform called for radical reforms such as public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even some major industries such as oil and steel. (p. 440) |  | 112 |
| 8669448708 | Eugene V. Debs | One of the founders of the Socialist party and the party's presidential candidate from 1900 to 1920. (p. 440) | | 113 |
| 8669448709 | Bull Moose Party | Nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to nominate Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election. (p. 441) |  | 114 |
| 8669448710 | New Nationalism; New Freedom | In the election of 1912, the Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were the main competitors. Roosevelt called for a "New Nationalism", with more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage (voting rights), and more social welfare programs. Wilson supported a "New Freedom", which would limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business. (p. 441) |  | 115 |
| 8669448711 | Mann-Elkins Act | This 1910 act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. (p. 432) |  | 116 |
| 8669448712 | Sixteenth Amendment, federal income tax | Ratified in 1913, this constitutional amendment, explicitly permitted Congress to levy a federal income tax. (p. 439) |  | 117 |
| 8669448713 | Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909 | In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. (p. 440) |  | 118 |
| 8669448714 | firing of Pinchot | In 1910, he was head of the Forest Service, but was fired by President Taft. (p. 440) | | 119 |
| 8669448715 | Underwood Tariff | In 1913, this tariff substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. To compensate for the reduced tariff revenues, the bill included a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent. (p. 442) |  | 120 |
| 8669448716 | Federal Reserve Act | In 1914, this act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. It still plays a major role in the American economy today. (p. 442) |  | 121 |
| 8669448717 | Federal Reserve Board | This board was organized to supervise twelve district banks in the Federal Reserve Bank system. (p. 442) |  | 122 |
| 8669448718 | Clayton Antitrust Act | In 1914, this antitrust legislation strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. It exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts. (p. 442) |  | 123 |
| 8669448719 | Federal Trade Commision | A federal regulatory agency, established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. (p. 442) |  | 124 |
| 8669448720 | Federal Farm Loan Act | A 1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates. (p. 443) |  | 125 |
| 8669448721 | racial segregation laws | In the Progressive era (1901 - 1917), racial segregation was the rule in the South and the unofficial policy in the North. (p. 443) |  | 126 |
| 8669448722 | increased lynching | In the Progressive era, thousands of blacks were lynched (hung) by racist mobs. (p. 443) |  | 127 |
| 8669448723 | Booker T. Washington | This African American progressive argued that African Americans should concentrate on learning industrial skills in order to get better wages. (p. 443) |  | 128 |
| 8669448724 | W. E. B. Du Bois | This African American was a northerner with a college education. He argued that African American should demand equal political and social rights, which he believed were a prerequisite for economic independence. (p. 444) |  | 129 |
| 8669448725 | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | This organization's mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African Americans. (p. 444) |  | 130 |
| 8669448726 | National Urban League | Formed in 1911, this organization helped African Americans migrating from the south to northern cities. (p. 444) |  | 131 |
| 8669448727 | Carrie Chapman Catt | A suffragette, she worked to obtain the right for women to vote. She was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. (p. 445) |  | 132 |
| 8669448728 | National American Woman Suffrage Association | A group formed in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. (p. 445) |  | 133 |
| 8669448729 | Alice Paul | A suffragette who focused on obtaining an amendment to the Constitution for women's suffrage (voting rights). (p. 445) |  | 134 |
| 8669448730 | National Woman's party | In 1916, Alice Paul formed this organization to focus on winning the support of Congress and the president for a Constitutional amendment for women's suffrage. (p. 445) |  | 135 |
| 8669448731 | Nineteenth Amendment | In 1920, this amendment passed which gave women the right to vote. (p. 445) |  | 136 |
| 8669448732 | League of Woman Voters | Organized by Carrie Chapman Catt. A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues. (p. 445) |  | 137 |
| 8669448733 | Margaret Sanger | She founded an organization the became Panned Parenthood. They advocated for birth-control education. (p. 445) |  | 138 |