World History EOC Review Flashcards

Key terms from Princeton Review: Cracking the AP World History Exam 2013 and AP World History: An Essential Coursebook

6844440832	Cold War	a conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.	0
6844440834	containment	American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world	1
6844440840	fascism	a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition	2
6844440841	First World	the largely democratic and free-market states of the United States and Western Europe (Cold War to today)	3
6844440847	militarism	policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war	4
6844440852	reparations	payment for damages after a war	5
6844440856	totalitarian	characterized by a government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control	6
6844440858	apartheid	laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.	7
6844440865	Berlin Wall	a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West	8
6844440868	Winston Churchill	Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII	9
6844440872	Eastern Bloc	Soviet allies in eastern Europe, including Bulgaria, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary.	10
6844440875	Fourteen Points	a series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.``	11
6844440876	Mahatmas Gandhi	born in 1896, set up movement based on nonviolent resistance, led to Indian independence	12
6844440879	Adolf Hitler	German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)	13
6844440881	Holocaust	the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler	14
6844440890	League of Nations	an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations	15
6844440892	Marshall Plan	a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)	16
6844440894	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security	17
6844440900	Joseph Stalin	Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)	18
6844440902	Treaty of Versailles	the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans	19
6844440903	trench warfare	war from inside trenches enemies would try killing each other with machine guns and tanks, and poison gas	20
6844440905	Truman Doctrine	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology	21
6844440906	Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic	lead by stalin, communist in nature, union of "soviets" or states	22
6844440909	Warsaw Pact	treaty signed in 1955 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania	23
6844440910	Woodrow Wilson	after World War I, this United States president sought to reduce the risk of war by writing the Fourteen Points that influenced the creation of the League of Nations.	24
6844440914	appeasement policy	allowed Germany to keep Sudetenland in return for Hitler's promise to cease aggressions	25
6844440919	Central Powers	in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies	26
6844440923	Eastern Front	In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.	27
6844440925	genocide	systematic killing of a racial or cultural group	28
6844440926	Great Depression	the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s	29
6844440935	Mein Kampf	Book written by Hitler while he was exiled, My Struggle.	30
6844440936	Munich Conference	1938; Chamberlain, France and other countries (not the USSR); they agreed that Sudentenland should be ceded to Germany; Chamberlain secured peace with Germany.	31
6844440937	Benito Mussolini	Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945)	32
6844440938	New Deal	the economic policy of F. D. Roosevelt	33
6844440945	self-determination	the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will	34
6844440947	soviet	council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian revolutionaries in 1917	35
6844440948	total war	the channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort	36
6844440950	Triple Entente	an alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.	37
6844440951	Weimar Republic	German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.	38
6844440952	Western Front	in WWI, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other.	39
6844440960	Charles De Gaulle	French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)	40
6844440983	Potsdam Conference	July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.	41
6844440985	Franklin Roosevelt	President of the US during Great Depression and World War II	42
6844440987	space race	a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union	43
6844440988	Sputnik	the world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.	44
6844440995	Yalta Conference	1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war	45
6844441002	glasnost	a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems	46
6844441010	Nikita Khrushchev	ruled the USSR from 1958-1964; lessened government control of soviet citizens; seeked peaceful coexistence with the West instead of confrontation	47
6844441020	perestroika	a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society	48
6844441032	Boris Yeltsin	president of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.	49
6844441034	assembly line	production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks.	50
6844441036	communism	a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership	51
6844441043	Estates-General	assembly of the estates of all France	52
6844441045	free market	economic system in which individuals decide for themselves what to produce and sell	53
6844441046	free trade	the removal of trade barriers so that goods can flow freely between countries	54
6844441048	imperialism	a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries	55
6844441050	Industrial Revolution	change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power	56
6844441051	Laissez-Faire	idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs	57
6844441053	Marxism	the theory created by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that centers on communism and its inevitability.	58
6844441054	nationalism	loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality.	59
6844441055	natural resources	materials found in nature that are used by living things	60
6844441056	rural	living in or characteristic of farming or country life	61
6844441058	social Darwinism	the belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.	62
6844441059	socialism	a political theory advocating state ownership of industry	63
6844441065	Berlin Conference	a meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa	64
6844441071	Charles Dawin	In 1859, he published his book on the origin of species by means of natural selection.	65
6844441072	Communist Manifesto	a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views	66
6844441073	Congress of Vienna	restored a balance of power to Europe after Napoleon's reign	67
6844441074	Declaration of Independence	the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain	68
6844441075	Declaration of the Rights of Man	statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.	69
6844441079	Friederich Engels	German, self-educated in philosophy, financially supports Marx	70
6844441080	Execution of Louis XVI	Louis XVI was killed due to his monarchial views on ruling France, which all of the citizens greatly disagreed with	71
6844441085	Mehmed II	Conquered the Byzantine capital of Constantinople.	72
6844441086	Karl Marx	founder of modern communism	73
6844441087	Maxim guns	first automatic machine gun that gave Europeans a huge advantage in fighting African armies	74
6844441092	Napoleon Bonaparte	general; Emperor of France; he seized power in a coup d'état in 1799; he led French armies in conquering much of Europe	75
6844441099	Rudyard Kipling	British writer who wrote of "the white man's burden" and justified imperialism	76
6844441102	Scramble for Africa	the European's flurry of colonializations in Africa.	77
6844441114	Wealth of Nations	British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.	78
6844441115	White Man's Burden	idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized	79
6844441121	bourgeoisie	the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people	80
6844441131	Louis XVI	king of France-executed for treason by the National Convention-absolute monarch-husband of Marie Antoinette.	81
6844441132	Napoleonic Code	French civil code established in the early 1800s; basis of many civil codes today and still remains France's civil code	82
6844441133	National Assembly	a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people	83
6844441138	Battle of Waterloo	this was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler	84
6844441139	Mary Wollstonecraft	English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women	85
6844441147	proletariat	a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages	86
6844441151	Eli Whitney	United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)	87
6844441170	Bolsheviks	a group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917	88
6844441173	Catherine the Great	Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)	89
6844441181	V.I. Lenin	led the communist revolution, was the leader of the Bolsheviks, ruled Russia	90
6844441201	Bessemer steel converter	an important innovation that allowed iron ore to be converted to steel efficiently	91
6844441205	Thomas Edison	American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.	92
6844441215	scientific racism	the use of scientific theories to support or validate racist attitudes or worldviews; also, to support classification of human beings into distinct biological races	93
6844441222	absolute monarch	ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people.	94
6844441224	capitalism	an economic system based on private property and free enterprise	95
6844441226	circumnavigate	to sail completely around the world	96
6844441227	colonization	system of settling new lands that remain under the government of their native land	97
6844441236	divine right	belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.	98
6844441241	humanism	the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason	99
6844441245	mercantilism	an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	100
6844441246	monastic	related to monks or monasteries; removed from worldly concerns	101
6844441248	monopoly	(economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller	102
6844441251	papacy	the government of the Roman Catholic Church	103
6844441252	papal	having to do with the pope	104
6844441265	John Calvin	Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)	105
6844441266	Colombian Exchange	the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa	106
6844441267	Catholic Reformation	a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation	107
6844441272	encomienda system	system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.	108
6844441273	English Bill of Rights	document that gave England a government based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament	109
6844441275	European exploration	voyages to new territories by European navigators in the 15th century,	110
6844441278	Gutenberg's Printing Press	this invention helped to promote the Reformation and increased European literacy	111
6844441282	heliocentric theory	planets revolve around the sun	112
6844441283	huguenots	French Protestants	113
6844441284	Indulgences	remission of the punishment for sin by the clergy in return for services or payments	114
6844441286	Jesuit Order	a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen	115
6844441288	Martin Luther	German theologian who led the Reformation	116
6844441289	Louis XIV	king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)	117
6844441291	Peter the Great	ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia	118
6844441292	Philip II of Spain	this was the king who started the success of Spain's foreign colonies	119
6844441294	Protestant Reformation	a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	120
6844441295	Roman Catholic Church	the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy	121
6844441296	Scientific Methods	a series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions	122
6844441297	Scientific Revolution	an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method	123
6844441300	Suleiman the Magnificent	The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 'The Lawgiver.' he expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.	124
6844441301	Thirty Years War	this was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe	125
6844441306	95 Theses	written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation.	126
6844441307	absolutism	a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)	127
6844441308	Anglican Church	church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases	128
6844441309	Tycho Brahe	(1546-1601) established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.	129
6844441310	Miguel de Cervantes	Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form	130
6844441311	Nicholas Copernicus	He thought that the sun was the center & the plants went around the sun in circles	131
6844441314	English Civil War	conflict from 1640-1660; religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues (the powers of the monarch); ended w/ restoration of the monarch following execution of previous king	132
6844441315	Enlightenment	a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions	133
6844441316	Galileo	Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars	134
6844441318	Johann Gutenberg	German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)	135
6844441319	joint-stock companies	businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses	136
6844441320	Johannes Kepler	German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)	137
6844441323	Leonardo da Vinci	A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.	138
6844441324	constitutional monarchy	a system of governing in which the ruler's power is limited by law	139
6844441325	John Locke	English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)	140
6844441326	Niccolo Machiavelli	a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)	141
6844441327	Medici family	powerful banking family who ruled Florence in the 1400s, patrons of the arts	142
6844441329	Baron de Montesqieu	created the idea of seperation of power	143
6844441331	Isaac Newton	defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.	144
6844441332	patrons	a person who supports artists, especially financially	145
6844441334	Raphael	(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.	146
6844441335	"Renaissance Man"	a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics	147
6844441336	Jacques Rousseau	French philosopher that believed the right to rule should be from the people, not a king.	148
6844441338	William Shakespeare	English dramatist and poet; considered one of the greatest writers in the English Language	149
6844441339	Adam Smith	Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)	150
6844441340	Voltaire	believed in religious tolerance and freedom of speech	151
6844441341	Atahualpa	last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.	152
6844441342	caravel	a small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.	153
6844441344	Christopher Columbus	Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)	154
6844441345	conquistadors	Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain	155
6844441346	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)	156
6844441347	creoles	descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status	157
6844441348	Vasco Da Gama	Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India	158
6844441349	Bartholomew Dias	Portuguese navigator that discovered the Cape of Good Hope	159
6844441350	encomenderos	Spanish settlers who were in charge of the natives working on the encomiendas	160
6844441352	Henry the Navigator	Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.	161
6844441353	indentured servant	person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to America.	162
6844441354	Bartholome de Las Casas	a Spanish priest who settled in the New World and was against the torture and genocide of Native Americans.	163
6844441355	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.	164
6844441357	mestizos	people of Native American and European descent	165
6844441358	Middle Passage	a voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies	166
6844441359	Moctezuma	Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.	167
6844441360	mulattos	people of mixed African and European ancestry	168
6844441361	peninsulares	Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class	169
6844441362	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)	170
6844441364	Treaty of Tordesillas	set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.	171
6844441366	viceroys	representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire	172
6844441368	African Diaspora	the forced removal of Africans from their homeland to serve as slaves in the Americas	173
6844441381	imam	a leader of prayer in a mosque	174
6844441385	Ottoman Empire	major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa	175
6844441396	daimyos	powerful warlord that controlled big estates; the best person from this class would become the shogun	176
6844441409	caliph	a supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government	177
6844441410	chivalry	a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle	178
6844441415	Eastern Orthodox	this Christian religion broke away from the Roman church when it would not accept the authority of the Pope as the head of the church	179
6844441416	fiefs	pieces of land given to vassals by their lord	180
6844441418	Gothic	relating to a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires	181
6844441419	Hajj	the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah	182
6844441421	heretic	a person who holds religious beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church	183
6844441426	Inquisition	a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy	184
6844441428	Islam	the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran	185
6844441431	medieval	relating to or belonging to the Middle Ages	186
6844441433	Middle Ages	the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance	187
6844441439	orthodox	adhering to the traditional and established, especially in religion	188
6844441446	Roman Catholic	the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy	189
6844441447	schism	division of a group into opposing factions	190
6844441449	serfs	men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection	191
6844441455	Black Death	the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe	192
6844441456	Bubonic Plague	disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.	193
6844441458	Constantinople	previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome.	194
6844441459	Crusades	a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims	195
6844441461	European feudalism	was made up of a king, the next level was church officials and nobles, then knights, peasants, finally merchants	196
6844441462	Japanese feudalism	emperor (has no real power) -> shogun (has the real power) - hereditary -> daimyo (the lower nobles under the shogun) -> samurai (knights)	197
6844441464	Franks	a Germanic tribe that conquered present-day France and neighboring lands in the 400s	198
6844441465	Charlemagne	king of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of leterature and learning	199
6844441468	Hundred Years War	the series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais.	200
6844441469	Code of Justinian	compilation of the complex system of Roman laws; became the system of laws for the Byzantine Empire	201
6844441470	Magna Carta	the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215	202
6844441471	Mansa Musa	this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west Africa	203
6844441473	sacking of Constantinople	1453; sacked becuse it was the most logical place to rule. Mehmet the conqueror; Solidly Christian; considered a huge blow to western Christianity	204
6844441476	Great Schism	the medieval division between Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church	205
6844441477	schism in Islam	the Shia / Sunni split which occurred in the decades immediately following the death of the Prophet Mohammed in 632	206
6844441479	Timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning	207
6844441480	Tenochitlan	Aztec capital city (now the site of Mexico City)	208
6844441481	William the Conqueror	duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England	209
6844441482	Abu Bakr	first caliph after death of Muhammad	210
6844441487	Five Pillars of Faith	five steps to take to become less evil, part of the Islam religion; affirmation, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage	211
6844441491	jihad	Islamic holy war	212
6844441493	Ka'ba	the stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth	213
6844441496	Muhammad	the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)	214
6844441499	Qur'an	the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina	215
6844441502	shari'a	the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed	216
6844441503	Shi'ites	Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali	217
6844441504	Sunni	a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad	218
6844441506	sultan	the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)	219
6844441513	Benedictine Rule	a collection of rules or guidelines for monks and monasteries; named for Benedict of Nursia; widely used in Europe in the Middle Ages	220
6844441514	Byzantine Empire	empire that grew from the eastern part of the former Roman Empire; lasted until around 1400	221
6844441516	canon law	the Church's own body of laws; this law applied to religious teachings, the behavior of the clergy, and even marriages and morals	222
6844441518	Clovis	king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy	223
6844441519	excommunication	the act of banishing a member of the Church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the Church	224
6844441520	interdict	an ecclesiastical censure by the Roman Catholic Church withdrawing certain sacraments and Christian burial from a person or all persons in a particular district	225
6844441521	ghettos	sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live.	226
6844441522	guilds	an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards	227
6844441523	Hagia Sophia	the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian	228
6844441524	Holy Roman Empire	loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.	229
6844441525	Justinian	Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians	230
6844441526	manorialism	economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.	231
6844441527	missi dominici	agents of Emperor Charlemagne who traveled throughout the empire to check the condition of the roads, listen to grievances, and see that justice was done	232
6844441528	pogroms	organized violence against Jews	233
6844441529	Renaissance	the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world	234
6844441530	Saladin	(1137-1193) powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem	235
6844441532	scholasticism	a philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.	236
6844441535	vernacular languages	everyday speech that varies from place to place	237
6844441536	Vikings	one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century.	238
6844441537	ayllus	in Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler	239
6844441538	Aztecs	also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.	240
6844441540	chinampas	floating farming islands made by the Aztec	241
6844441541	classical Mesoamerica	period of the Mayan and the Teotihuacan, low population, simple government.	242
6844441542	Inca	a member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s	243
6844441544	Maya	extensive Mesoamerican culture that made great advances in astronomy in areas such as their famous calendar	244
6844441545	mit'a	Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.	245
6844441548	Quetzalcoatl	an Aztec deity represented as a plumed serpent	246
6844441549	slash and burn agriculture	a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land	247
6844441550	stelae	large memorial pillars to commemorate triumphs and events in the lives of Maya rulers.	248
6844441551	Teotihuacan	first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".	249
6844441573	Osman	most successful warrior and "founder" of Ottomans	250
6844441574	Ottoman Turks	Turkish group ruled by the Ottoman dynasty; formed an empire that lasted from about 1300 to 1922. The group that proved to be the greatest threat to the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century.	251
6844441576	samurai	a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy	252
6844441577	shogun	the head of the military government of Japan in the era of the samurai	253
6844441591	Ghana	the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade	254
6844441592	Great Zimbabwe	in southeastern Africa the Shona people established this city which grew into an empire built on the gold trade. By 1450, this city was mysteriously abandoned.	255
6844441596	Mali	empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.	256
6844441598	Songhai	a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591	257
6844441600	Sundiata	the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes	258
6844441601	Swahili Coast	East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.'	259
6844441609	city-states	large towns that conquered the surrounding countryside; often competed with each other	260
6844441616	feudalism	loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord	261
6844441622	monarchy	a government ruled by a king or queen	262
6844441623	monotheism	belief in one god	263
6844441629	polytheism	the worship of many gods	264
6844441636	theocracy	government by divine power or priests	265
6844441643	Byzantium	the eastern portion of the Roman empire; lasted 1000 years after the fall of Western Rome	266
6844441647	democracy	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	267
6844441748	Constantine	Roman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity	268
6844649261	Trans-Atlantic trade	A triangular trade developed between Europe, Africa, and The Americas	269
6844652218	What did Europe provide Africa in the triangular trade?	Manufactured Goods (clothes, weapons...)	270
6844657886	What did Africa provide The Americas?	Slave Labor for plantations	271
6844667380	Effects of the Trans-Atlantic trade	Around 10 million enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas, some African states economy revolved around this trade, causing many villages to disappear	272
6844707362	What is an icon?	Religious images	273
6844708129	What is the iconoclast controversy?	Dispute over whether icons should be worshipped.	274
6844739282	Causes of the Atlantic Slave Trade	Better technology (cotton gin), rise in factories, death of Native Americans due to disease, European population growth	275